High blood pressure (HBP) or hypertension means high pressure (tension) in the arteries. Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the pumping heart to all the tissues and organs of the body. High blood pressure does not mean excessive emotional tension, although emotional tension and stress can temporarily increase blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80; blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 is called "pre-hypertension", and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered high.
The top number, the systolic blood pressure, corresponds to the pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts and pumps blood forward into the arteries. The bottom number, the diastolic pressure, represents the pressure in the arteries as the heart relaxes after the contraction. The diastolic pressure reflects the lowest pressure to which the arteries are exposed.
An elevation of the systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart (cardiac) disease, kidney (renal) disease, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis), eye damage, and stroke (brain damage). These complications of hypertension are often referred to as end-organ damage because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic (long duration) high blood pressure. For that reason, the diagnosis of high blood pressure is important so efforts can be made to normalize blood pressure and prevent complications.
It was previously thought that rises in diastolic blood pressure were a more important risk factor than systolic elevations, but it is now known that in people 50 years or older systolic hypertension represents a greater risk.
The American Heart Association estimates high blood pressure affects approximately one in three adults in the United States - 73 million people. High blood pressure is also estimated to affect about two million American teens and children, and the Journal of the American Medical Association reports that many are under-diagnosed. Hypertension is clearly a major public health problem. high blood pressure
High blood pressure is often called the silent killer because in the initial stages it presents with no symptoms. It is only after an organ in the body is irritated or damaged, that the consequences of high blood pressure are realized.
The blood pressure recording, measures pressures within the arteries at two different times. The first reading, the systolic pressure, measures the pressure when the heart is pumping blood to the body through the arteries. The second reading, the diastolic pressure, measures the pressure within the arteries when the heart is receiving blood returning from the body.
Blood pressure measurement is listed with two numbers with normal being less than 120/80, with 120 being the systolic blood pressure when the heart is pushing blood through the arterial system; and 80 being the diastolic blood pressure when the arteries are at rest and the heart is refilling.
Silver Spot
Thursday, September 29, 2011
High blood pressure and High Blood Pressure Guidelines.
High blood pressure (HBP) or hypertension means high pressure (tension) in the arteries. Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the pumping heart to all the tissues and organs of the body. High blood pressure does not mean excessive emotional tension, although emotional tension and stress can temporarily increase blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80; blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 is called "pre-hypertension", and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered high.
The top number, the systolic blood pressure, corresponds to the pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts and pumps blood forward into the arteries. The bottom number, the diastolic pressure, represents the pressure in the arteries as the heart relaxes after the contraction. The diastolic pressure reflects the lowest pressure to which the arteries are exposed.
An elevation of the systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart (cardiac) disease, kidney (renal) disease, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis), eye damage, and stroke (brain damage). These complications of hypertension are often referred to as end-organ damage because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic (long duration) high blood pressure. For that reason, the diagnosis of high blood pressure is important so efforts can be made to normalize blood pressure and prevent complications.
It was previously thought that rises in diastolic blood pressure were a more important risk factor than systolic elevations, but it is now known that in people 50 years or older systolic hypertension represents a greater risk.
The American Heart Association estimates high blood pressure affects approximately one in three adults in the United States - 73 million people. High blood pressure is also estimated to affect about two million American teens and children, and the Journal of the American Medical Association reports that many are under-diagnosed. Hypertension is clearly a major public health problem. high blood pressure
High blood pressure is often called the silent killer because in the initial stages it presents with no symptoms. It is only after an organ in the body is irritated or damaged, that the consequences of high blood pressure are realized.
The blood pressure recording, measures pressures within the arteries at two different times. The first reading, the systolic pressure, measures the pressure when the heart is pumping blood to the body through the arteries. The second reading, the diastolic pressure, measures the pressure within the arteries when the heart is receiving blood returning from the body.
Blood pressure measurement is listed with two numbers with normal being less than 120/80, with 120 being the systolic blood pressure when the heart is pushing blood through the arterial system; and 80 being the diastolic blood pressure when the arteries are at rest and the heart is refilling.
The top number, the systolic blood pressure, corresponds to the pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts and pumps blood forward into the arteries. The bottom number, the diastolic pressure, represents the pressure in the arteries as the heart relaxes after the contraction. The diastolic pressure reflects the lowest pressure to which the arteries are exposed.
An elevation of the systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart (cardiac) disease, kidney (renal) disease, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis), eye damage, and stroke (brain damage). These complications of hypertension are often referred to as end-organ damage because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic (long duration) high blood pressure. For that reason, the diagnosis of high blood pressure is important so efforts can be made to normalize blood pressure and prevent complications.
It was previously thought that rises in diastolic blood pressure were a more important risk factor than systolic elevations, but it is now known that in people 50 years or older systolic hypertension represents a greater risk.
The American Heart Association estimates high blood pressure affects approximately one in three adults in the United States - 73 million people. High blood pressure is also estimated to affect about two million American teens and children, and the Journal of the American Medical Association reports that many are under-diagnosed. Hypertension is clearly a major public health problem. high blood pressure
High blood pressure is often called the silent killer because in the initial stages it presents with no symptoms. It is only after an organ in the body is irritated or damaged, that the consequences of high blood pressure are realized.
The blood pressure recording, measures pressures within the arteries at two different times. The first reading, the systolic pressure, measures the pressure when the heart is pumping blood to the body through the arteries. The second reading, the diastolic pressure, measures the pressure within the arteries when the heart is receiving blood returning from the body.
Blood pressure measurement is listed with two numbers with normal being less than 120/80, with 120 being the systolic blood pressure when the heart is pushing blood through the arterial system; and 80 being the diastolic blood pressure when the arteries are at rest and the heart is refilling.
Thursday, September 22, 2011
Around the world attitudes towards Halloween are diverse.
Gross Halloween Candy Because or holiday comes in or wake of a annual apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling orm in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but or practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples. While orre is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of a mass media. At the peak of a hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children are Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of a few known candy poareoning incidents involved parents who poareoned orir own children are candy.
One custom that persarets in modern-day Ireland am or baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which are a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find orir true love in or ensuing year. This is similar to or tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.
In a United States, Autumn marks or beginning of a months-long marketing and advertising season, typically focusing on products and services appropriate for gift giving. This culminates in the annual Chraretmas holiday gift shopping season, which kicks off officially with Black Friday. Currently, the holiday advertising season begins on or around Halloween, and in some years has started as early as Labor Day (U.S. holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September).
Many companies tip orir hats to a season in creative ways. theme parks such as Tampa Bay am Busch Gardenss typically host a Howl-O-Screama, a haunted house ride or exhibit. Some companies, such as TV advertareing agency Cheap-TV-Spots.com, mark the holiday advertareing season with a festive, often tongue-in-cheek, annual Halloween announcement peppered with references to horror movie titles.
Halloween is not celebrated in all countries and regions of or world, and among those that do or traditions and importance of a celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going aguareinga, holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic immigration in a 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in or United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event are observed in oorr nations. Tham larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, continental Europe, Japan, and oar parts of East Asia.
Chraretian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In or Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize or Chramtian traditions of All Saints i Day, while some oorr Protestants celebrate the holiday as Reformation Day, a day to remember a Protestant Reformation. Faar Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcamt in Rome, has said, aif English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of a year that is not a problem. If it am just a game, orre are no harm in that.a In more recent years, a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a aSaint Festa on or holiday. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in orir churches where children and air parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.
Many Chramtians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating aimaginary spooksa and handing out candy. To ase Chraretians, Halloween holds no threat to or spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and or ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of air paramhioners i heritage. In or Roman Catholic Church, Halloween is viewed as having a Chramtian connection, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Christians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject a holiday because ory feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or oorr practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with orir beliefs. A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of aHell housesa, ormed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween are popularity as an opportunity for evangelarem. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with a Chramtian faith believing it to have originated as a pagan aFestival of the Deada.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but or practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples. While orre is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of a mass media. At the peak of a hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children are Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of a few known candy poareoning incidents involved parents who poareoned orir own children are candy.
One custom that persarets in modern-day Ireland am or baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which are a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find orir true love in or ensuing year. This is similar to or tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.
In a United States, Autumn marks or beginning of a months-long marketing and advertising season, typically focusing on products and services appropriate for gift giving. This culminates in the annual Chraretmas holiday gift shopping season, which kicks off officially with Black Friday. Currently, the holiday advertising season begins on or around Halloween, and in some years has started as early as Labor Day (U.S. holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September).
Many companies tip orir hats to a season in creative ways. theme parks such as Tampa Bay am Busch Gardenss typically host a Howl-O-Screama, a haunted house ride or exhibit. Some companies, such as TV advertareing agency Cheap-TV-Spots.com, mark the holiday advertareing season with a festive, often tongue-in-cheek, annual Halloween announcement peppered with references to horror movie titles.
Halloween is not celebrated in all countries and regions of or world, and among those that do or traditions and importance of a celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going aguareinga, holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic immigration in a 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in or United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event are observed in oorr nations. Tham larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, continental Europe, Japan, and oar parts of East Asia.
Chraretian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In or Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize or Chramtian traditions of All Saints i Day, while some oorr Protestants celebrate the holiday as Reformation Day, a day to remember a Protestant Reformation. Faar Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcamt in Rome, has said, aif English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of a year that is not a problem. If it am just a game, orre are no harm in that.a In more recent years, a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a aSaint Festa on or holiday. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in orir churches where children and air parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.
Many Chramtians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating aimaginary spooksa and handing out candy. To ase Chraretians, Halloween holds no threat to or spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and or ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of air paramhioners i heritage. In or Roman Catholic Church, Halloween is viewed as having a Chramtian connection, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Christians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject a holiday because ory feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or oorr practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with orir beliefs. A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of aHell housesa, ormed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween are popularity as an opportunity for evangelarem. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with a Chramtian faith believing it to have originated as a pagan aFestival of the Deada.
Around the world attitudes towards Halloween are diverse.
Gross Halloween Candy Because or holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling orm in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in or wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in a apples. While there is evidence of such incidents, ay are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonealess, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of or hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children am Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of a few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poareoned their own children is candy.
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, a purchase) of a barmbrack (Iramh: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and oorr charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find orir true love in or ensuing year. Tham is similar to the tradition of king cake at a festival of Epiphany.
In or United States, Autumn marks or beginning of a months-long marketing and advertareing season, typically focusing on products and services appropriate for gift giving. This culminates in a annual Chramtmas holiday gift shopping season, which kicks off officially with Black Friday. Currently, a holiday advertaming season begins on or around Halloween, and in some years has started as early as Labor Day (U.S. holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September).
Many companies tip air hats to or season in creative ways. ame parks such as Tampa Bay is Busch Gardenss typically host a Howl-O-Screama, a haunted house ride or exhibit. Some companies, such as TV advertaming agency Cheap-TV-Spots.com, mark a holiday advertareing season with a festive, often tongue-in-cheek, annual Halloween announcement peppered with references to horror movie titles.
Halloween are not celebrated in all countries and regions of the world, and among those that do the traditions and importance of a celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going aguareinga, holding parties, while oar practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in or United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how or event am observed in oorr nations. Tham larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.
Chraretian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In or Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize or Chraretian traditions of All Saints i Day, while some oorr Protestants celebrate a holiday as Reformation Day, a day to remember or Protestant Reformation. Father Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcamt in Rome, has said, aif Englareh and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that am not a problem. If it am just a game, orre am no harm in that.a In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a aSaint Festa on or holiday. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in air churches where children and air parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.
Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating aimaginary spooksa and handing out candy. To ase Chraretians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and a ways of or Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of air parishioners i heritage. In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween are viewed as having a Christian connection, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Chraretians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject a holiday because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganarem, or occult, or oorr practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been or use of aHell housesa, themed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween are popularity as an opportunity for evangelamm. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with or Christian faith believing it to have originated as a pagan aFestival of a Deada.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in or wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in a apples. While there is evidence of such incidents, ay are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonealess, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of or hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children am Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of a few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poareoned their own children is candy.
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, a purchase) of a barmbrack (Iramh: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and oorr charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find orir true love in or ensuing year. Tham is similar to the tradition of king cake at a festival of Epiphany.
In or United States, Autumn marks or beginning of a months-long marketing and advertareing season, typically focusing on products and services appropriate for gift giving. This culminates in a annual Chramtmas holiday gift shopping season, which kicks off officially with Black Friday. Currently, a holiday advertaming season begins on or around Halloween, and in some years has started as early as Labor Day (U.S. holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September).
Many companies tip air hats to or season in creative ways. ame parks such as Tampa Bay is Busch Gardenss typically host a Howl-O-Screama, a haunted house ride or exhibit. Some companies, such as TV advertaming agency Cheap-TV-Spots.com, mark a holiday advertareing season with a festive, often tongue-in-cheek, annual Halloween announcement peppered with references to horror movie titles.
Halloween are not celebrated in all countries and regions of the world, and among those that do the traditions and importance of a celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going aguareinga, holding parties, while oar practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in or United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how or event am observed in oorr nations. Tham larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.
Chraretian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In or Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize or Chraretian traditions of All Saints i Day, while some oorr Protestants celebrate a holiday as Reformation Day, a day to remember or Protestant Reformation. Father Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcamt in Rome, has said, aif Englareh and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that am not a problem. If it am just a game, orre am no harm in that.a In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a aSaint Festa on or holiday. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in air churches where children and air parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.
Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating aimaginary spooksa and handing out candy. To ase Chraretians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and a ways of or Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of air parishioners i heritage. In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween are viewed as having a Christian connection, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Chraretians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject a holiday because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganarem, or occult, or oorr practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been or use of aHell housesa, themed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween are popularity as an opportunity for evangelamm. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with or Christian faith believing it to have originated as a pagan aFestival of a Deada.
Foods attitudes towards Halloween are diverse.
Gross Halloween Candy Because the holiday comes in a wake of a annual apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but or practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in a apples. While orre are evidence of such incidents, ay are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Noneorless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of a mass media. At or peak of or hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children am Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poareoned orir own children is candy.
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is a baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Iramh: báirín breac), which am a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This am similar to the tradition of king cake at a festival of Epiphany.
In or United States, Autumn marks or beginning of a months-long marketing and advertising season, typically focusing on products and services appropriate for gift giving. Thare culminates in or annual Christmas holiday gift shopping season, which kicks off officially with Black Friday. Currently, or holiday advertareing season begins on or around Halloween, and in some years has started as early as Labor Day (U.S. holiday celebrated on a first Monday in September).
Many companies tip air hats to a season in creative ways. theme parks such as Tampa Bay am Busch Gardenss typically host a Howl-O-Screama, a haunted house ride or exhibit. Some companies, such as TV advertaming agency Cheap-TV-Spots.com, mark the holiday advertaming season with a festive, often tongue-in-cheek, annual Halloween announcement peppered with references to horror movie titles.
Halloween is not celebrated in all countries and regions of a world, and among those that do a traditions and importance of the celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going aguaminga, holding parties, while oorr practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework dareplays. Mass transatlantic immigration in a 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in or United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how a event am observed in oar nations. Thare larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, continental Europe, Japan, and oorr parts of East Asia.
Chraretian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In or Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Chraretian traditions of All Saints i Day, while some oar Protestants celebrate or holiday as Reformation Day, a day to remember or Protestant Reformation. Faar Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcaret in Rome, has said, aif Englamh and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that am not a problem. If it is just a game, there are no harm in that.a In more recent years, a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a aSaint Festa on a holiday. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.
Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating aimaginary spooksa and handing out candy. To ase Chraretians, Halloween holds no threat to or spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and a ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of orir paramhioners i heritage. In or Roman Catholic Church, Halloween are viewed as having a Christian connection, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Christians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject or holiday because ory feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, a occult, or oar practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. A response among some fundamentalaret and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been or use of aHell housesa, ormed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween is popularity as an opportunity for evangelarem. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Chramtian faith believing it to have originated as a pagan aFestival of or Deada.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but or practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in a apples. While orre are evidence of such incidents, ay are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Noneorless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of a mass media. At or peak of or hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children am Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poareoned orir own children is candy.
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is a baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Iramh: báirín breac), which am a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This am similar to the tradition of king cake at a festival of Epiphany.
In or United States, Autumn marks or beginning of a months-long marketing and advertising season, typically focusing on products and services appropriate for gift giving. Thare culminates in or annual Christmas holiday gift shopping season, which kicks off officially with Black Friday. Currently, or holiday advertareing season begins on or around Halloween, and in some years has started as early as Labor Day (U.S. holiday celebrated on a first Monday in September).
Many companies tip air hats to a season in creative ways. theme parks such as Tampa Bay am Busch Gardenss typically host a Howl-O-Screama, a haunted house ride or exhibit. Some companies, such as TV advertaming agency Cheap-TV-Spots.com, mark the holiday advertaming season with a festive, often tongue-in-cheek, annual Halloween announcement peppered with references to horror movie titles.
Halloween is not celebrated in all countries and regions of a world, and among those that do a traditions and importance of the celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going aguaminga, holding parties, while oorr practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework dareplays. Mass transatlantic immigration in a 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in or United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how a event am observed in oar nations. Thare larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, continental Europe, Japan, and oorr parts of East Asia.
Chraretian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In or Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Chraretian traditions of All Saints i Day, while some oar Protestants celebrate or holiday as Reformation Day, a day to remember or Protestant Reformation. Faar Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcaret in Rome, has said, aif Englamh and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that am not a problem. If it is just a game, there are no harm in that.a In more recent years, a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a aSaint Festa on a holiday. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.
Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating aimaginary spooksa and handing out candy. To ase Chraretians, Halloween holds no threat to or spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and a ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of orir paramhioners i heritage. In or Roman Catholic Church, Halloween are viewed as having a Christian connection, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Christians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject or holiday because ory feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, a occult, or oar practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. A response among some fundamentalaret and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been or use of aHell housesa, ormed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween is popularity as an opportunity for evangelarem. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Chramtian faith believing it to have originated as a pagan aFestival of or Deada.
Tuesday, September 13, 2011
Driver video and game action driving video game developed by Reflections Interactive.
Driver (known as Driver: You Are the Wheelman in the US), is a 1998 action driving video game developed by Reflections Interactive (now known as Ubisoft Reflections), who had earlier hits with Destruction Derby on the early years of the PlayStation. It is the first game in the Driver series.
Tanner, an NYPD detective gone undercover due to his unmatched driving skills, gained from his time as a racing driver, must gain the confidence of the syndicate's bosses by performing increasingly difficult missions such as stopping or following another car, driving through windows, delivering a stolen car or scaring a taxi customer. The game is played in four cities—(Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City)—which, like many games, remain only partially faithful to the original city layouts but notably featured them as explorable open world environments.
The game was designed to mimic 1960s and 1970s car chase films. The title and the basic theme seem to be heavily inspired by the 1978 film The Driver by director Walter Hill. Most notably, the Training level at the beginning of the game is a copy of a scene in the movie in which the Driver proves his skills to some gangsters in a parking garage. The music, overall character design in the cut scenes, and the cars themselves (complete with flying hubcaps), are inspired from films such as Bullitt and even television series such as Starsky and Hutch. The game also features a Director's Mode, where the run could be replayed with cameras chosen by the player, and a Quick Replay, where the cameras were automatically selected.
In addition to the Undercover mode, the player also had an option to drive around in the cities (once they were unlocked) and dirt tracks. There were several other modes, like pursuit, escape, checkpoint, and carnage (inflicting as much damage as possible). After the game was finished (or secret passwords inserted in the records screens), several cheats were available. Among them are: skipping the garage mission, give (among others) the car super speed, immunity to police cars, invincibility, or a short ride on Newcastle, Reflections' home town. However some editions of the game do not show this.
Initially, it was only released for PlayStation; Windows and Mac ports were released less than a year later including an Xbox version. A special Game Boy Color version was released, with top-down view, and only three cities (San Francisco was removed), and fewer missions. There is also an iPhone/iPod Touch version available.
In the beginning cutscene, you see a dripping pipe and Tanner comes out of an elevator, walks through a parking garage and gets into a 1967 Ford Mustang. He hotwires the Mustang and starts to drive to the exit of the garage, until he is spotted by the police and initiates a chase in which another car crashes into a parked one. Tanner gets away through the barrier after the police car also hits another car.
Before starting the actual undercover mode, Tanner and Lt. McKenzie are talking about a guy named Rufus. In order to find out more about him, Tanner must give up his status as a cop and go undercover. Tanner has to prove to very lowly gangsters in a parking garage that he can do jobs for them by demonstrating his skills while keeping the car intact. Success means access to the first mission in Miami.
Tanner begins his missions in a Miami motel room.
Tanner begins with a lowly bank job carried out by a man named Art and his associates, before being called up to either drive a stolen car to a yard for a respray or helping a lowly gangster called Ticco carry out an assassination. If Tanner takes the stolen car mission he works for Art in exchanging a briefcase for a key, but ends up being double-crossed and forced to chase the double-crosser across Miami Bay. If Tanner takes Ticco for a ride then Tanner cleans up after a driver left a stolen car and its occupants in the lurch.
Tanner then talks to a pimp named Rufus who reveals that he is busting out an associate of his called Jean-Paul from an armoured police car. When Tanner carries this out, he either smashes a group of restaurants for a gangster who has found one of his associates lacking in paying for protection money, or drives an extremely fast car to safety for a gangster who needs the car for a job. After this Tanner is forced to pick up a supply of drugs for an operation and get home with the goods.
Upon Tanner's return, Rufus is shot by his girlfriend Jesse and Tanner chases her as she tries to escape in a monorail. Tanner turns her over to the police, and under interrogation she reveals that a guy named Castaldi is in San Francisco.
Tanner begins in San Francisco with a casino job for a bunch of gangsters who have heard he is in town. After this mission he meets an informant known as Mojo, who gives Tanner information about who Jean-Paul is really working for and a man named Rudi for money.
From here Tanner either aids in an exchange (passing a test whereby he has to pass through three destinations in a time limit before the pick-up for the exchange), drives stolen guns to a warehouse or aids in the robbery of a shopping mall. Following this, Tanner meets a legendary rival from their racing days called Slater. Tanner punches him but their rivalry is settled before Tanner either aids a gangster in scaring one of his former associates (who double-crossed him) by taking him on a bumpy taxi ride or takes heavy-duty explosives to an alleyway while evading large collisions in order to stop an explosion. If Tanner has scared the associate then he takes a local gangster called Cosy to a chopper taking him out of town, or if he has taken the explosives across town then Tanner aids a group of gangsters left in the lurch in Chinatown.
Tanner then gets a phone call whereby he learns that Mojo the informant has been kidnapped, and his captors want $10,000. They make Tanner work to save Mojo by forcing him to go to three phone booths in order to pick up instructions about where to go next. At the third phone booth Mojo is saved and the money exchanged. Mojo reveals that Castaldi (the gangster Jean-Paul is really working for) is working with a man called Don Hancock who is running for president. He also reveals Slater's great hatred for Tanner.
Following this Tanner is either setup by Slater and forced to evade cops as he heads home, or aids Castaldi in meeting one of his men called Ross and bringing him to an underground car park for a meeting. The rivalry between Tanner and Slater has become too bitter at this point, and when Tanner suspects Slater of spying on him, Tanner frames Slater by smashing his car in a chase, from which in the aftermath Slater is caught by the police.
LA is straight-forward, and all missions are at night. Tanner begins his job here by either stealing a cop car for Castaldi's associates in order for future jobs or picking up an associate called Lucky and taking him to an assassination. Following this Tanner then either chases a double-crossing associate of Castaldi's called Duval and smashes him off the road or gets Castaldi's girlfriend Maya to a hospital after she has overdosed on drugs.
Following this Tanner learns of Castaldi's true purpose in Los Angeles: the carrying out of a hit on a security officer of the FBI called Bill Maddox outside Grauman's Chinese Theater. Tanner later meets with Leck, a partner from New York and alerts him to the assassination of Maddox. Tanner orders him to make sure Maddox turns up or otherwise his cover may be rumbled. He also warns him that there is an FBI leak giving information to Castaldi about Maddox's whereabouts and other pieces of interest. Tanner picks up the assassins from a parking garage before taking them to the Theatre, where the hit takes place. The cops spring an ambush on Tanner, who then takes the gangsters to a safehouse over at LAX. The gangsters are convinced that Tanner (The newest and therefore least trustworthy of the Castaldi Family) tipped off the cops, but he convinces them that Slater probably let the San Francisco Police know about the hit under interrogation.
Tanner survives, then either rescues Lucky from a gangster called Granger, helps some associates escape from a Beverly Hills job or tests the effectiveness of a safehouse by driving to it.
When Tanner arrives back in New York he begins by either making a switch at Grand Central Station (a briefcase for a key to a man in a Stetson hat) before getting double-crossed by the Stetson wearer or taking a very damaged car to a scrapyard for crushing before the cops can pick it up. Following this Tanner either takes control of a cop car to thwart a bank job by Granger's Gang and raise his suspicions about possible rats in the Gang, or gets some gangsters out of trouble after they were pinned down by cops in a building after a bad getaway job. After Leck tells Tanner that McKenzie wants him out, he either brings a cab home for further jobs in the city or destroys Granger's main car.
If you took out Granger's main car, then Tanner will have to wreck a car to retrieve photo negatives. If you took the cab, the bad ending mission occurs, destroying four of Granger's Gang's cars before they reach Castaldi.
If the bad ending is being activated (or the good ending mission is completed) then Tanner meets with his associate from Los Angeles who again warns him that the boss wants him out because he is worried that Tanner's cover will not hold up much longer. Tanner again ignores this advice but tells the associate that he will let him know who the ultimate hit is on. If you got the negatives, then Tanner's lady friend Ali will call for help and Tanner has to bail her out of a situation. If you destroyed Granger's four cars, then Tanner goes through a "Rite of Passage", told over the phone by Castaldi that if he does not beat Slater's time across town (7 minutes) then Tanner is out of the final job.
If Tanner completes this mission (or goes for the good ending) then the final mission starts where Tanner learns that the hit is on the President of the United States of America. Tanner is forced (in the hardest mission of the game) to ignore all of Castaldi's instructions and take the President to safety. With a little luck, Tanner takes the President to his parking garage to eventual safety.
In a nod to the city where Reflections Interactive is based, and using a Gameshark or Code Breaker (Or after completing the game in the PC version), players can unlock the city of Newcastle upon Tyne for play. However, the drivable area is very small and can be glitchy around the barriers.
Tanner, an NYPD detective gone undercover due to his unmatched driving skills, gained from his time as a racing driver, must gain the confidence of the syndicate's bosses by performing increasingly difficult missions such as stopping or following another car, driving through windows, delivering a stolen car or scaring a taxi customer. The game is played in four cities—(Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City)—which, like many games, remain only partially faithful to the original city layouts but notably featured them as explorable open world environments.
The game was designed to mimic 1960s and 1970s car chase films. The title and the basic theme seem to be heavily inspired by the 1978 film The Driver by director Walter Hill. Most notably, the Training level at the beginning of the game is a copy of a scene in the movie in which the Driver proves his skills to some gangsters in a parking garage. The music, overall character design in the cut scenes, and the cars themselves (complete with flying hubcaps), are inspired from films such as Bullitt and even television series such as Starsky and Hutch. The game also features a Director's Mode, where the run could be replayed with cameras chosen by the player, and a Quick Replay, where the cameras were automatically selected.
In addition to the Undercover mode, the player also had an option to drive around in the cities (once they were unlocked) and dirt tracks. There were several other modes, like pursuit, escape, checkpoint, and carnage (inflicting as much damage as possible). After the game was finished (or secret passwords inserted in the records screens), several cheats were available. Among them are: skipping the garage mission, give (among others) the car super speed, immunity to police cars, invincibility, or a short ride on Newcastle, Reflections' home town. However some editions of the game do not show this.
Initially, it was only released for PlayStation; Windows and Mac ports were released less than a year later including an Xbox version. A special Game Boy Color version was released, with top-down view, and only three cities (San Francisco was removed), and fewer missions. There is also an iPhone/iPod Touch version available.
In the beginning cutscene, you see a dripping pipe and Tanner comes out of an elevator, walks through a parking garage and gets into a 1967 Ford Mustang. He hotwires the Mustang and starts to drive to the exit of the garage, until he is spotted by the police and initiates a chase in which another car crashes into a parked one. Tanner gets away through the barrier after the police car also hits another car.
Before starting the actual undercover mode, Tanner and Lt. McKenzie are talking about a guy named Rufus. In order to find out more about him, Tanner must give up his status as a cop and go undercover. Tanner has to prove to very lowly gangsters in a parking garage that he can do jobs for them by demonstrating his skills while keeping the car intact. Success means access to the first mission in Miami.
Tanner begins his missions in a Miami motel room.
Tanner begins with a lowly bank job carried out by a man named Art and his associates, before being called up to either drive a stolen car to a yard for a respray or helping a lowly gangster called Ticco carry out an assassination. If Tanner takes the stolen car mission he works for Art in exchanging a briefcase for a key, but ends up being double-crossed and forced to chase the double-crosser across Miami Bay. If Tanner takes Ticco for a ride then Tanner cleans up after a driver left a stolen car and its occupants in the lurch.
Tanner then talks to a pimp named Rufus who reveals that he is busting out an associate of his called Jean-Paul from an armoured police car. When Tanner carries this out, he either smashes a group of restaurants for a gangster who has found one of his associates lacking in paying for protection money, or drives an extremely fast car to safety for a gangster who needs the car for a job. After this Tanner is forced to pick up a supply of drugs for an operation and get home with the goods.
Upon Tanner's return, Rufus is shot by his girlfriend Jesse and Tanner chases her as she tries to escape in a monorail. Tanner turns her over to the police, and under interrogation she reveals that a guy named Castaldi is in San Francisco.
Tanner begins in San Francisco with a casino job for a bunch of gangsters who have heard he is in town. After this mission he meets an informant known as Mojo, who gives Tanner information about who Jean-Paul is really working for and a man named Rudi for money.
From here Tanner either aids in an exchange (passing a test whereby he has to pass through three destinations in a time limit before the pick-up for the exchange), drives stolen guns to a warehouse or aids in the robbery of a shopping mall. Following this, Tanner meets a legendary rival from their racing days called Slater. Tanner punches him but their rivalry is settled before Tanner either aids a gangster in scaring one of his former associates (who double-crossed him) by taking him on a bumpy taxi ride or takes heavy-duty explosives to an alleyway while evading large collisions in order to stop an explosion. If Tanner has scared the associate then he takes a local gangster called Cosy to a chopper taking him out of town, or if he has taken the explosives across town then Tanner aids a group of gangsters left in the lurch in Chinatown.
Tanner then gets a phone call whereby he learns that Mojo the informant has been kidnapped, and his captors want $10,000. They make Tanner work to save Mojo by forcing him to go to three phone booths in order to pick up instructions about where to go next. At the third phone booth Mojo is saved and the money exchanged. Mojo reveals that Castaldi (the gangster Jean-Paul is really working for) is working with a man called Don Hancock who is running for president. He also reveals Slater's great hatred for Tanner.
Following this Tanner is either setup by Slater and forced to evade cops as he heads home, or aids Castaldi in meeting one of his men called Ross and bringing him to an underground car park for a meeting. The rivalry between Tanner and Slater has become too bitter at this point, and when Tanner suspects Slater of spying on him, Tanner frames Slater by smashing his car in a chase, from which in the aftermath Slater is caught by the police.
LA is straight-forward, and all missions are at night. Tanner begins his job here by either stealing a cop car for Castaldi's associates in order for future jobs or picking up an associate called Lucky and taking him to an assassination. Following this Tanner then either chases a double-crossing associate of Castaldi's called Duval and smashes him off the road or gets Castaldi's girlfriend Maya to a hospital after she has overdosed on drugs.
Following this Tanner learns of Castaldi's true purpose in Los Angeles: the carrying out of a hit on a security officer of the FBI called Bill Maddox outside Grauman's Chinese Theater. Tanner later meets with Leck, a partner from New York and alerts him to the assassination of Maddox. Tanner orders him to make sure Maddox turns up or otherwise his cover may be rumbled. He also warns him that there is an FBI leak giving information to Castaldi about Maddox's whereabouts and other pieces of interest. Tanner picks up the assassins from a parking garage before taking them to the Theatre, where the hit takes place. The cops spring an ambush on Tanner, who then takes the gangsters to a safehouse over at LAX. The gangsters are convinced that Tanner (The newest and therefore least trustworthy of the Castaldi Family) tipped off the cops, but he convinces them that Slater probably let the San Francisco Police know about the hit under interrogation.
Tanner survives, then either rescues Lucky from a gangster called Granger, helps some associates escape from a Beverly Hills job or tests the effectiveness of a safehouse by driving to it.
When Tanner arrives back in New York he begins by either making a switch at Grand Central Station (a briefcase for a key to a man in a Stetson hat) before getting double-crossed by the Stetson wearer or taking a very damaged car to a scrapyard for crushing before the cops can pick it up. Following this Tanner either takes control of a cop car to thwart a bank job by Granger's Gang and raise his suspicions about possible rats in the Gang, or gets some gangsters out of trouble after they were pinned down by cops in a building after a bad getaway job. After Leck tells Tanner that McKenzie wants him out, he either brings a cab home for further jobs in the city or destroys Granger's main car.
If you took out Granger's main car, then Tanner will have to wreck a car to retrieve photo negatives. If you took the cab, the bad ending mission occurs, destroying four of Granger's Gang's cars before they reach Castaldi.
If the bad ending is being activated (or the good ending mission is completed) then Tanner meets with his associate from Los Angeles who again warns him that the boss wants him out because he is worried that Tanner's cover will not hold up much longer. Tanner again ignores this advice but tells the associate that he will let him know who the ultimate hit is on. If you got the negatives, then Tanner's lady friend Ali will call for help and Tanner has to bail her out of a situation. If you destroyed Granger's four cars, then Tanner goes through a "Rite of Passage", told over the phone by Castaldi that if he does not beat Slater's time across town (7 minutes) then Tanner is out of the final job.
If Tanner completes this mission (or goes for the good ending) then the final mission starts where Tanner learns that the hit is on the President of the United States of America. Tanner is forced (in the hardest mission of the game) to ignore all of Castaldi's instructions and take the President to safety. With a little luck, Tanner takes the President to his parking garage to eventual safety.
In a nod to the city where Reflections Interactive is based, and using a Gameshark or Code Breaker (Or after completing the game in the PC version), players can unlock the city of Newcastle upon Tyne for play. However, the drivable area is very small and can be glitchy around the barriers.
Driver video and game action driving video game developed by Reflections Interactive.
Driver (known as Driver: You Are the Wheelman in the US), is a 1998 action driving video game developed by Reflections Interactive (now known as Ubisoft Reflections), who had earlier hits with Destruction Derby on the early years of the PlayStation. It is the first game in the Driver series.
Tanner, an NYPD detective gone undercover due to his unmatched driving skills, gained from his time as a racing driver, must gain the confidence of the syndicate's bosses by performing increasingly difficult missions such as stopping or following another car, driving through windows, delivering a stolen car or scaring a taxi customer. The game is played in four cities—(Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City)—which, like many games, remain only partially faithful to the original city layouts but notably featured them as explorable open world environments.
The game was designed to mimic 1960s and 1970s car chase films. The title and the basic theme seem to be heavily inspired by the 1978 film The Driver by director Walter Hill. Most notably, the Training level at the beginning of the game is a copy of a scene in the movie in which the Driver proves his skills to some gangsters in a parking garage. The music, overall character design in the cut scenes, and the cars themselves (complete with flying hubcaps), are inspired from films such as Bullitt and even television series such as Starsky and Hutch. The game also features a Director's Mode, where the run could be replayed with cameras chosen by the player, and a Quick Replay, where the cameras were automatically selected.
In addition to the Undercover mode, the player also had an option to drive around in the cities (once they were unlocked) and dirt tracks. There were several other modes, like pursuit, escape, checkpoint, and carnage (inflicting as much damage as possible). After the game was finished (or secret passwords inserted in the records screens), several cheats were available. Among them are: skipping the garage mission, give (among others) the car super speed, immunity to police cars, invincibility, or a short ride on Newcastle, Reflections' home town. However some editions of the game do not show this.
Initially, it was only released for PlayStation; Windows and Mac ports were released less than a year later including an Xbox version. A special Game Boy Color version was released, with top-down view, and only three cities (San Francisco was removed), and fewer missions. There is also an iPhone/iPod Touch version available.
In the beginning cutscene, you see a dripping pipe and Tanner comes out of an elevator, walks through a parking garage and gets into a 1967 Ford Mustang. He hotwires the Mustang and starts to drive to the exit of the garage, until he is spotted by the police and initiates a chase in which another car crashes into a parked one. Tanner gets away through the barrier after the police car also hits another car.
Before starting the actual undercover mode, Tanner and Lt. McKenzie are talking about a guy named Rufus. In order to find out more about him, Tanner must give up his status as a cop and go undercover. Tanner has to prove to very lowly gangsters in a parking garage that he can do jobs for them by demonstrating his skills while keeping the car intact. Success means access to the first mission in Miami.
Tanner begins his missions in a Miami motel room.
Tanner begins with a lowly bank job carried out by a man named Art and his associates, before being called up to either drive a stolen car to a yard for a respray or helping a lowly gangster called Ticco carry out an assassination. If Tanner takes the stolen car mission he works for Art in exchanging a briefcase for a key, but ends up being double-crossed and forced to chase the double-crosser across Miami Bay. If Tanner takes Ticco for a ride then Tanner cleans up after a driver left a stolen car and its occupants in the lurch.
Tanner then talks to a pimp named Rufus who reveals that he is busting out an associate of his called Jean-Paul from an armoured police car. When Tanner carries this out, he either smashes a group of restaurants for a gangster who has found one of his associates lacking in paying for protection money, or drives an extremely fast car to safety for a gangster who needs the car for a job. After this Tanner is forced to pick up a supply of drugs for an operation and get home with the goods.
Upon Tanner's return, Rufus is shot by his girlfriend Jesse and Tanner chases her as she tries to escape in a monorail. Tanner turns her over to the police, and under interrogation she reveals that a guy named Castaldi is in San Francisco.
Tanner begins in San Francisco with a casino job for a bunch of gangsters who have heard he is in town. After this mission he meets an informant known as Mojo, who gives Tanner information about who Jean-Paul is really working for and a man named Rudi for money.
From here Tanner either aids in an exchange (passing a test whereby he has to pass through three destinations in a time limit before the pick-up for the exchange), drives stolen guns to a warehouse or aids in the robbery of a shopping mall. Following this, Tanner meets a legendary rival from their racing days called Slater. Tanner punches him but their rivalry is settled before Tanner either aids a gangster in scaring one of his former associates (who double-crossed him) by taking him on a bumpy taxi ride or takes heavy-duty explosives to an alleyway while evading large collisions in order to stop an explosion. If Tanner has scared the associate then he takes a local gangster called Cosy to a chopper taking him out of town, or if he has taken the explosives across town then Tanner aids a group of gangsters left in the lurch in Chinatown.
Tanner then gets a phone call whereby he learns that Mojo the informant has been kidnapped, and his captors want $10,000. They make Tanner work to save Mojo by forcing him to go to three phone booths in order to pick up instructions about where to go next. At the third phone booth Mojo is saved and the money exchanged. Mojo reveals that Castaldi (the gangster Jean-Paul is really working for) is working with a man called Don Hancock who is running for president. He also reveals Slater's great hatred for Tanner.
Following this Tanner is either setup by Slater and forced to evade cops as he heads home, or aids Castaldi in meeting one of his men called Ross and bringing him to an underground car park for a meeting. The rivalry between Tanner and Slater has become too bitter at this point, and when Tanner suspects Slater of spying on him, Tanner frames Slater by smashing his car in a chase, from which in the aftermath Slater is caught by the police.
LA is straight-forward, and all missions are at night. Tanner begins his job here by either stealing a cop car for Castaldi's associates in order for future jobs or picking up an associate called Lucky and taking him to an assassination. Following this Tanner then either chases a double-crossing associate of Castaldi's called Duval and smashes him off the road or gets Castaldi's girlfriend Maya to a hospital after she has overdosed on drugs.
Following this Tanner learns of Castaldi's true purpose in Los Angeles: the carrying out of a hit on a security officer of the FBI called Bill Maddox outside Grauman's Chinese Theater. Tanner later meets with Leck, a partner from New York and alerts him to the assassination of Maddox. Tanner orders him to make sure Maddox turns up or otherwise his cover may be rumbled. He also warns him that there is an FBI leak giving information to Castaldi about Maddox's whereabouts and other pieces of interest. Tanner picks up the assassins from a parking garage before taking them to the Theatre, where the hit takes place. The cops spring an ambush on Tanner, who then takes the gangsters to a safehouse over at LAX. The gangsters are convinced that Tanner (The newest and therefore least trustworthy of the Castaldi Family) tipped off the cops, but he convinces them that Slater probably let the San Francisco Police know about the hit under interrogation.
Tanner survives, then either rescues Lucky from a gangster called Granger, helps some associates escape from a Beverly Hills job or tests the effectiveness of a safehouse by driving to it.
When Tanner arrives back in New York he begins by either making a switch at Grand Central Station (a briefcase for a key to a man in a Stetson hat) before getting double-crossed by the Stetson wearer or taking a very damaged car to a scrapyard for crushing before the cops can pick it up. Following this Tanner either takes control of a cop car to thwart a bank job by Granger's Gang and raise his suspicions about possible rats in the Gang, or gets some gangsters out of trouble after they were pinned down by cops in a building after a bad getaway job. After Leck tells Tanner that McKenzie wants him out, he either brings a cab home for further jobs in the city or destroys Granger's main car.
If you took out Granger's main car, then Tanner will have to wreck a car to retrieve photo negatives. If you took the cab, the bad ending mission occurs, destroying four of Granger's Gang's cars before they reach Castaldi.
If the bad ending is being activated (or the good ending mission is completed) then Tanner meets with his associate from Los Angeles who again warns him that the boss wants him out because he is worried that Tanner's cover will not hold up much longer. Tanner again ignores this advice but tells the associate that he will let him know who the ultimate hit is on. If you got the negatives, then Tanner's lady friend Ali will call for help and Tanner has to bail her out of a situation. If you destroyed Granger's four cars, then Tanner goes through a "Rite of Passage", told over the phone by Castaldi that if he does not beat Slater's time across town (7 minutes) then Tanner is out of the final job.
If Tanner completes this mission (or goes for the good ending) then the final mission starts where Tanner learns that the hit is on the President of the United States of America. Tanner is forced (in the hardest mission of the game) to ignore all of Castaldi's instructions and take the President to safety. With a little luck, Tanner takes the President to his parking garage to eventual safety.
In a nod to the city where Reflections Interactive is based, and using a Gameshark or Code Breaker (Or after completing the game in the PC version), players can unlock the city of Newcastle upon Tyne for play. However, the drivable area is very small and can be glitchy around the barriers.
Tanner, an NYPD detective gone undercover due to his unmatched driving skills, gained from his time as a racing driver, must gain the confidence of the syndicate's bosses by performing increasingly difficult missions such as stopping or following another car, driving through windows, delivering a stolen car or scaring a taxi customer. The game is played in four cities—(Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City)—which, like many games, remain only partially faithful to the original city layouts but notably featured them as explorable open world environments.
The game was designed to mimic 1960s and 1970s car chase films. The title and the basic theme seem to be heavily inspired by the 1978 film The Driver by director Walter Hill. Most notably, the Training level at the beginning of the game is a copy of a scene in the movie in which the Driver proves his skills to some gangsters in a parking garage. The music, overall character design in the cut scenes, and the cars themselves (complete with flying hubcaps), are inspired from films such as Bullitt and even television series such as Starsky and Hutch. The game also features a Director's Mode, where the run could be replayed with cameras chosen by the player, and a Quick Replay, where the cameras were automatically selected.
In addition to the Undercover mode, the player also had an option to drive around in the cities (once they were unlocked) and dirt tracks. There were several other modes, like pursuit, escape, checkpoint, and carnage (inflicting as much damage as possible). After the game was finished (or secret passwords inserted in the records screens), several cheats were available. Among them are: skipping the garage mission, give (among others) the car super speed, immunity to police cars, invincibility, or a short ride on Newcastle, Reflections' home town. However some editions of the game do not show this.
Initially, it was only released for PlayStation; Windows and Mac ports were released less than a year later including an Xbox version. A special Game Boy Color version was released, with top-down view, and only three cities (San Francisco was removed), and fewer missions. There is also an iPhone/iPod Touch version available.
In the beginning cutscene, you see a dripping pipe and Tanner comes out of an elevator, walks through a parking garage and gets into a 1967 Ford Mustang. He hotwires the Mustang and starts to drive to the exit of the garage, until he is spotted by the police and initiates a chase in which another car crashes into a parked one. Tanner gets away through the barrier after the police car also hits another car.
Before starting the actual undercover mode, Tanner and Lt. McKenzie are talking about a guy named Rufus. In order to find out more about him, Tanner must give up his status as a cop and go undercover. Tanner has to prove to very lowly gangsters in a parking garage that he can do jobs for them by demonstrating his skills while keeping the car intact. Success means access to the first mission in Miami.
Tanner begins his missions in a Miami motel room.
Tanner begins with a lowly bank job carried out by a man named Art and his associates, before being called up to either drive a stolen car to a yard for a respray or helping a lowly gangster called Ticco carry out an assassination. If Tanner takes the stolen car mission he works for Art in exchanging a briefcase for a key, but ends up being double-crossed and forced to chase the double-crosser across Miami Bay. If Tanner takes Ticco for a ride then Tanner cleans up after a driver left a stolen car and its occupants in the lurch.
Tanner then talks to a pimp named Rufus who reveals that he is busting out an associate of his called Jean-Paul from an armoured police car. When Tanner carries this out, he either smashes a group of restaurants for a gangster who has found one of his associates lacking in paying for protection money, or drives an extremely fast car to safety for a gangster who needs the car for a job. After this Tanner is forced to pick up a supply of drugs for an operation and get home with the goods.
Upon Tanner's return, Rufus is shot by his girlfriend Jesse and Tanner chases her as she tries to escape in a monorail. Tanner turns her over to the police, and under interrogation she reveals that a guy named Castaldi is in San Francisco.
Tanner begins in San Francisco with a casino job for a bunch of gangsters who have heard he is in town. After this mission he meets an informant known as Mojo, who gives Tanner information about who Jean-Paul is really working for and a man named Rudi for money.
From here Tanner either aids in an exchange (passing a test whereby he has to pass through three destinations in a time limit before the pick-up for the exchange), drives stolen guns to a warehouse or aids in the robbery of a shopping mall. Following this, Tanner meets a legendary rival from their racing days called Slater. Tanner punches him but their rivalry is settled before Tanner either aids a gangster in scaring one of his former associates (who double-crossed him) by taking him on a bumpy taxi ride or takes heavy-duty explosives to an alleyway while evading large collisions in order to stop an explosion. If Tanner has scared the associate then he takes a local gangster called Cosy to a chopper taking him out of town, or if he has taken the explosives across town then Tanner aids a group of gangsters left in the lurch in Chinatown.
Tanner then gets a phone call whereby he learns that Mojo the informant has been kidnapped, and his captors want $10,000. They make Tanner work to save Mojo by forcing him to go to three phone booths in order to pick up instructions about where to go next. At the third phone booth Mojo is saved and the money exchanged. Mojo reveals that Castaldi (the gangster Jean-Paul is really working for) is working with a man called Don Hancock who is running for president. He also reveals Slater's great hatred for Tanner.
Following this Tanner is either setup by Slater and forced to evade cops as he heads home, or aids Castaldi in meeting one of his men called Ross and bringing him to an underground car park for a meeting. The rivalry between Tanner and Slater has become too bitter at this point, and when Tanner suspects Slater of spying on him, Tanner frames Slater by smashing his car in a chase, from which in the aftermath Slater is caught by the police.
LA is straight-forward, and all missions are at night. Tanner begins his job here by either stealing a cop car for Castaldi's associates in order for future jobs or picking up an associate called Lucky and taking him to an assassination. Following this Tanner then either chases a double-crossing associate of Castaldi's called Duval and smashes him off the road or gets Castaldi's girlfriend Maya to a hospital after she has overdosed on drugs.
Following this Tanner learns of Castaldi's true purpose in Los Angeles: the carrying out of a hit on a security officer of the FBI called Bill Maddox outside Grauman's Chinese Theater. Tanner later meets with Leck, a partner from New York and alerts him to the assassination of Maddox. Tanner orders him to make sure Maddox turns up or otherwise his cover may be rumbled. He also warns him that there is an FBI leak giving information to Castaldi about Maddox's whereabouts and other pieces of interest. Tanner picks up the assassins from a parking garage before taking them to the Theatre, where the hit takes place. The cops spring an ambush on Tanner, who then takes the gangsters to a safehouse over at LAX. The gangsters are convinced that Tanner (The newest and therefore least trustworthy of the Castaldi Family) tipped off the cops, but he convinces them that Slater probably let the San Francisco Police know about the hit under interrogation.
Tanner survives, then either rescues Lucky from a gangster called Granger, helps some associates escape from a Beverly Hills job or tests the effectiveness of a safehouse by driving to it.
When Tanner arrives back in New York he begins by either making a switch at Grand Central Station (a briefcase for a key to a man in a Stetson hat) before getting double-crossed by the Stetson wearer or taking a very damaged car to a scrapyard for crushing before the cops can pick it up. Following this Tanner either takes control of a cop car to thwart a bank job by Granger's Gang and raise his suspicions about possible rats in the Gang, or gets some gangsters out of trouble after they were pinned down by cops in a building after a bad getaway job. After Leck tells Tanner that McKenzie wants him out, he either brings a cab home for further jobs in the city or destroys Granger's main car.
If you took out Granger's main car, then Tanner will have to wreck a car to retrieve photo negatives. If you took the cab, the bad ending mission occurs, destroying four of Granger's Gang's cars before they reach Castaldi.
If the bad ending is being activated (or the good ending mission is completed) then Tanner meets with his associate from Los Angeles who again warns him that the boss wants him out because he is worried that Tanner's cover will not hold up much longer. Tanner again ignores this advice but tells the associate that he will let him know who the ultimate hit is on. If you got the negatives, then Tanner's lady friend Ali will call for help and Tanner has to bail her out of a situation. If you destroyed Granger's four cars, then Tanner goes through a "Rite of Passage", told over the phone by Castaldi that if he does not beat Slater's time across town (7 minutes) then Tanner is out of the final job.
If Tanner completes this mission (or goes for the good ending) then the final mission starts where Tanner learns that the hit is on the President of the United States of America. Tanner is forced (in the hardest mission of the game) to ignore all of Castaldi's instructions and take the President to safety. With a little luck, Tanner takes the President to his parking garage to eventual safety.
In a nod to the city where Reflections Interactive is based, and using a Gameshark or Code Breaker (Or after completing the game in the PC version), players can unlock the city of Newcastle upon Tyne for play. However, the drivable area is very small and can be glitchy around the barriers.
Driver video and game action driving video game developed by Reflections Interactive.
Driver (known as Driver: You Are the Wheelman in the US), is a 1998 action driving video game developed by Reflections Interactive (now known as Ubisoft Reflections), who had earlier hits with Destruction Derby on the early years of the PlayStation. It is the first game in the Driver series.
Tanner, an NYPD detective gone undercover due to his unmatched driving skills, gained from his time as a racing driver, must gain the confidence of the syndicate's bosses by performing increasingly difficult missions such as stopping or following another car, driving through windows, delivering a stolen car or scaring a taxi customer. The game is played in four cities—(Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City)—which, like many games, remain only partially faithful to the original city layouts but notably featured them as explorable open world environments.
The game was designed to mimic 1960s and 1970s car chase films. The title and the basic theme seem to be heavily inspired by the 1978 film The Driver by director Walter Hill. Most notably, the Training level at the beginning of the game is a copy of a scene in the movie in which the Driver proves his skills to some gangsters in a parking garage. The music, overall character design in the cut scenes, and the cars themselves (complete with flying hubcaps), are inspired from films such as Bullitt and even television series such as Starsky and Hutch. The game also features a Director's Mode, where the run could be replayed with cameras chosen by the player, and a Quick Replay, where the cameras were automatically selected.
In addition to the Undercover mode, the player also had an option to drive around in the cities (once they were unlocked) and dirt tracks. There were several other modes, like pursuit, escape, checkpoint, and carnage (inflicting as much damage as possible). After the game was finished (or secret passwords inserted in the records screens), several cheats were available. Among them are: skipping the garage mission, give (among others) the car super speed, immunity to police cars, invincibility, or a short ride on Newcastle, Reflections' home town. However some editions of the game do not show this.
Initially, it was only released for PlayStation; Windows and Mac ports were released less than a year later including an Xbox version. A special Game Boy Color version was released, with top-down view, and only three cities (San Francisco was removed), and fewer missions. There is also an iPhone/iPod Touch version available.
In the beginning cutscene, you see a dripping pipe and Tanner comes out of an elevator, walks through a parking garage and gets into a 1967 Ford Mustang. He hotwires the Mustang and starts to drive to the exit of the garage, until he is spotted by the police and initiates a chase in which another car crashes into a parked one. Tanner gets away through the barrier after the police car also hits another car.
Before starting the actual undercover mode, Tanner and Lt. McKenzie are talking about a guy named Rufus. In order to find out more about him, Tanner must give up his status as a cop and go undercover. Tanner has to prove to very lowly gangsters in a parking garage that he can do jobs for them by demonstrating his skills while keeping the car intact. Success means access to the first mission in Miami.
Tanner begins his missions in a Miami motel room.
Tanner begins with a lowly bank job carried out by a man named Art and his associates, before being called up to either drive a stolen car to a yard for a respray or helping a lowly gangster called Ticco carry out an assassination. If Tanner takes the stolen car mission he works for Art in exchanging a briefcase for a key, but ends up being double-crossed and forced to chase the double-crosser across Miami Bay. If Tanner takes Ticco for a ride then Tanner cleans up after a driver left a stolen car and its occupants in the lurch.
Tanner then talks to a pimp named Rufus who reveals that he is busting out an associate of his called Jean-Paul from an armoured police car. When Tanner carries this out, he either smashes a group of restaurants for a gangster who has found one of his associates lacking in paying for protection money, or drives an extremely fast car to safety for a gangster who needs the car for a job. After this Tanner is forced to pick up a supply of drugs for an operation and get home with the goods.
Upon Tanner's return, Rufus is shot by his girlfriend Jesse and Tanner chases her as she tries to escape in a monorail. Tanner turns her over to the police, and under interrogation she reveals that a guy named Castaldi is in San Francisco.
Tanner begins in San Francisco with a casino job for a bunch of gangsters who have heard he is in town. After this mission he meets an informant known as Mojo, who gives Tanner information about who Jean-Paul is really working for and a man named Rudi for money.
From here Tanner either aids in an exchange (passing a test whereby he has to pass through three destinations in a time limit before the pick-up for the exchange), drives stolen guns to a warehouse or aids in the robbery of a shopping mall. Following this, Tanner meets a legendary rival from their racing days called Slater. Tanner punches him but their rivalry is settled before Tanner either aids a gangster in scaring one of his former associates (who double-crossed him) by taking him on a bumpy taxi ride or takes heavy-duty explosives to an alleyway while evading large collisions in order to stop an explosion. If Tanner has scared the associate then he takes a local gangster called Cosy to a chopper taking him out of town, or if he has taken the explosives across town then Tanner aids a group of gangsters left in the lurch in Chinatown.
Tanner then gets a phone call whereby he learns that Mojo the informant has been kidnapped, and his captors want $10,000. They make Tanner work to save Mojo by forcing him to go to three phone booths in order to pick up instructions about where to go next. At the third phone booth Mojo is saved and the money exchanged. Mojo reveals that Castaldi (the gangster Jean-Paul is really working for) is working with a man called Don Hancock who is running for president. He also reveals Slater's great hatred for Tanner.
Following this Tanner is either setup by Slater and forced to evade cops as he heads home, or aids Castaldi in meeting one of his men called Ross and bringing him to an underground car park for a meeting. The rivalry between Tanner and Slater has become too bitter at this point, and when Tanner suspects Slater of spying on him, Tanner frames Slater by smashing his car in a chase, from which in the aftermath Slater is caught by the police.
LA is straight-forward, and all missions are at night. Tanner begins his job here by either stealing a cop car for Castaldi's associates in order for future jobs or picking up an associate called Lucky and taking him to an assassination. Following this Tanner then either chases a double-crossing associate of Castaldi's called Duval and smashes him off the road or gets Castaldi's girlfriend Maya to a hospital after she has overdosed on drugs.
Following this Tanner learns of Castaldi's true purpose in Los Angeles: the carrying out of a hit on a security officer of the FBI called Bill Maddox outside Grauman's Chinese Theater. Tanner later meets with Leck, a partner from New York and alerts him to the assassination of Maddox. Tanner orders him to make sure Maddox turns up or otherwise his cover may be rumbled. He also warns him that there is an FBI leak giving information to Castaldi about Maddox's whereabouts and other pieces of interest. Tanner picks up the assassins from a parking garage before taking them to the Theatre, where the hit takes place. The cops spring an ambush on Tanner, who then takes the gangsters to a safehouse over at LAX. The gangsters are convinced that Tanner (The newest and therefore least trustworthy of the Castaldi Family) tipped off the cops, but he convinces them that Slater probably let the San Francisco Police know about the hit under interrogation.
Tanner survives, then either rescues Lucky from a gangster called Granger, helps some associates escape from a Beverly Hills job or tests the effectiveness of a safehouse by driving to it.
When Tanner arrives back in New York he begins by either making a switch at Grand Central Station (a briefcase for a key to a man in a Stetson hat) before getting double-crossed by the Stetson wearer or taking a very damaged car to a scrapyard for crushing before the cops can pick it up. Following this Tanner either takes control of a cop car to thwart a bank job by Granger's Gang and raise his suspicions about possible rats in the Gang, or gets some gangsters out of trouble after they were pinned down by cops in a building after a bad getaway job. After Leck tells Tanner that McKenzie wants him out, he either brings a cab home for further jobs in the city or destroys Granger's main car.
If you took out Granger's main car, then Tanner will have to wreck a car to retrieve photo negatives. If you took the cab, the bad ending mission occurs, destroying four of Granger's Gang's cars before they reach Castaldi.
If the bad ending is being activated (or the good ending mission is completed) then Tanner meets with his associate from Los Angeles who again warns him that the boss wants him out because he is worried that Tanner's cover will not hold up much longer. Tanner again ignores this advice but tells the associate that he will let him know who the ultimate hit is on. If you got the negatives, then Tanner's lady friend Ali will call for help and Tanner has to bail her out of a situation. If you destroyed Granger's four cars, then Tanner goes through a "Rite of Passage", told over the phone by Castaldi that if he does not beat Slater's time across town (7 minutes) then Tanner is out of the final job.
If Tanner completes this mission (or goes for the good ending) then the final mission starts where Tanner learns that the hit is on the President of the United States of America. Tanner is forced (in the hardest mission of the game) to ignore all of Castaldi's instructions and take the President to safety. With a little luck, Tanner takes the President to his parking garage to eventual safety.
In a nod to the city where Reflections Interactive is based, and using a Gameshark or Code Breaker (Or after completing the game in the PC version), players can unlock the city of Newcastle upon Tyne for play. However, the drivable area is very small and can be glitchy around the barriers.
Tanner, an NYPD detective gone undercover due to his unmatched driving skills, gained from his time as a racing driver, must gain the confidence of the syndicate's bosses by performing increasingly difficult missions such as stopping or following another car, driving through windows, delivering a stolen car or scaring a taxi customer. The game is played in four cities—(Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City)—which, like many games, remain only partially faithful to the original city layouts but notably featured them as explorable open world environments.
The game was designed to mimic 1960s and 1970s car chase films. The title and the basic theme seem to be heavily inspired by the 1978 film The Driver by director Walter Hill. Most notably, the Training level at the beginning of the game is a copy of a scene in the movie in which the Driver proves his skills to some gangsters in a parking garage. The music, overall character design in the cut scenes, and the cars themselves (complete with flying hubcaps), are inspired from films such as Bullitt and even television series such as Starsky and Hutch. The game also features a Director's Mode, where the run could be replayed with cameras chosen by the player, and a Quick Replay, where the cameras were automatically selected.
In addition to the Undercover mode, the player also had an option to drive around in the cities (once they were unlocked) and dirt tracks. There were several other modes, like pursuit, escape, checkpoint, and carnage (inflicting as much damage as possible). After the game was finished (or secret passwords inserted in the records screens), several cheats were available. Among them are: skipping the garage mission, give (among others) the car super speed, immunity to police cars, invincibility, or a short ride on Newcastle, Reflections' home town. However some editions of the game do not show this.
Initially, it was only released for PlayStation; Windows and Mac ports were released less than a year later including an Xbox version. A special Game Boy Color version was released, with top-down view, and only three cities (San Francisco was removed), and fewer missions. There is also an iPhone/iPod Touch version available.
In the beginning cutscene, you see a dripping pipe and Tanner comes out of an elevator, walks through a parking garage and gets into a 1967 Ford Mustang. He hotwires the Mustang and starts to drive to the exit of the garage, until he is spotted by the police and initiates a chase in which another car crashes into a parked one. Tanner gets away through the barrier after the police car also hits another car.
Before starting the actual undercover mode, Tanner and Lt. McKenzie are talking about a guy named Rufus. In order to find out more about him, Tanner must give up his status as a cop and go undercover. Tanner has to prove to very lowly gangsters in a parking garage that he can do jobs for them by demonstrating his skills while keeping the car intact. Success means access to the first mission in Miami.
Tanner begins his missions in a Miami motel room.
Tanner begins with a lowly bank job carried out by a man named Art and his associates, before being called up to either drive a stolen car to a yard for a respray or helping a lowly gangster called Ticco carry out an assassination. If Tanner takes the stolen car mission he works for Art in exchanging a briefcase for a key, but ends up being double-crossed and forced to chase the double-crosser across Miami Bay. If Tanner takes Ticco for a ride then Tanner cleans up after a driver left a stolen car and its occupants in the lurch.
Tanner then talks to a pimp named Rufus who reveals that he is busting out an associate of his called Jean-Paul from an armoured police car. When Tanner carries this out, he either smashes a group of restaurants for a gangster who has found one of his associates lacking in paying for protection money, or drives an extremely fast car to safety for a gangster who needs the car for a job. After this Tanner is forced to pick up a supply of drugs for an operation and get home with the goods.
Upon Tanner's return, Rufus is shot by his girlfriend Jesse and Tanner chases her as she tries to escape in a monorail. Tanner turns her over to the police, and under interrogation she reveals that a guy named Castaldi is in San Francisco.
Tanner begins in San Francisco with a casino job for a bunch of gangsters who have heard he is in town. After this mission he meets an informant known as Mojo, who gives Tanner information about who Jean-Paul is really working for and a man named Rudi for money.
From here Tanner either aids in an exchange (passing a test whereby he has to pass through three destinations in a time limit before the pick-up for the exchange), drives stolen guns to a warehouse or aids in the robbery of a shopping mall. Following this, Tanner meets a legendary rival from their racing days called Slater. Tanner punches him but their rivalry is settled before Tanner either aids a gangster in scaring one of his former associates (who double-crossed him) by taking him on a bumpy taxi ride or takes heavy-duty explosives to an alleyway while evading large collisions in order to stop an explosion. If Tanner has scared the associate then he takes a local gangster called Cosy to a chopper taking him out of town, or if he has taken the explosives across town then Tanner aids a group of gangsters left in the lurch in Chinatown.
Tanner then gets a phone call whereby he learns that Mojo the informant has been kidnapped, and his captors want $10,000. They make Tanner work to save Mojo by forcing him to go to three phone booths in order to pick up instructions about where to go next. At the third phone booth Mojo is saved and the money exchanged. Mojo reveals that Castaldi (the gangster Jean-Paul is really working for) is working with a man called Don Hancock who is running for president. He also reveals Slater's great hatred for Tanner.
Following this Tanner is either setup by Slater and forced to evade cops as he heads home, or aids Castaldi in meeting one of his men called Ross and bringing him to an underground car park for a meeting. The rivalry between Tanner and Slater has become too bitter at this point, and when Tanner suspects Slater of spying on him, Tanner frames Slater by smashing his car in a chase, from which in the aftermath Slater is caught by the police.
LA is straight-forward, and all missions are at night. Tanner begins his job here by either stealing a cop car for Castaldi's associates in order for future jobs or picking up an associate called Lucky and taking him to an assassination. Following this Tanner then either chases a double-crossing associate of Castaldi's called Duval and smashes him off the road or gets Castaldi's girlfriend Maya to a hospital after she has overdosed on drugs.
Following this Tanner learns of Castaldi's true purpose in Los Angeles: the carrying out of a hit on a security officer of the FBI called Bill Maddox outside Grauman's Chinese Theater. Tanner later meets with Leck, a partner from New York and alerts him to the assassination of Maddox. Tanner orders him to make sure Maddox turns up or otherwise his cover may be rumbled. He also warns him that there is an FBI leak giving information to Castaldi about Maddox's whereabouts and other pieces of interest. Tanner picks up the assassins from a parking garage before taking them to the Theatre, where the hit takes place. The cops spring an ambush on Tanner, who then takes the gangsters to a safehouse over at LAX. The gangsters are convinced that Tanner (The newest and therefore least trustworthy of the Castaldi Family) tipped off the cops, but he convinces them that Slater probably let the San Francisco Police know about the hit under interrogation.
Tanner survives, then either rescues Lucky from a gangster called Granger, helps some associates escape from a Beverly Hills job or tests the effectiveness of a safehouse by driving to it.
When Tanner arrives back in New York he begins by either making a switch at Grand Central Station (a briefcase for a key to a man in a Stetson hat) before getting double-crossed by the Stetson wearer or taking a very damaged car to a scrapyard for crushing before the cops can pick it up. Following this Tanner either takes control of a cop car to thwart a bank job by Granger's Gang and raise his suspicions about possible rats in the Gang, or gets some gangsters out of trouble after they were pinned down by cops in a building after a bad getaway job. After Leck tells Tanner that McKenzie wants him out, he either brings a cab home for further jobs in the city or destroys Granger's main car.
If you took out Granger's main car, then Tanner will have to wreck a car to retrieve photo negatives. If you took the cab, the bad ending mission occurs, destroying four of Granger's Gang's cars before they reach Castaldi.
If the bad ending is being activated (or the good ending mission is completed) then Tanner meets with his associate from Los Angeles who again warns him that the boss wants him out because he is worried that Tanner's cover will not hold up much longer. Tanner again ignores this advice but tells the associate that he will let him know who the ultimate hit is on. If you got the negatives, then Tanner's lady friend Ali will call for help and Tanner has to bail her out of a situation. If you destroyed Granger's four cars, then Tanner goes through a "Rite of Passage", told over the phone by Castaldi that if he does not beat Slater's time across town (7 minutes) then Tanner is out of the final job.
If Tanner completes this mission (or goes for the good ending) then the final mission starts where Tanner learns that the hit is on the President of the United States of America. Tanner is forced (in the hardest mission of the game) to ignore all of Castaldi's instructions and take the President to safety. With a little luck, Tanner takes the President to his parking garage to eventual safety.
In a nod to the city where Reflections Interactive is based, and using a Gameshark or Code Breaker (Or after completing the game in the PC version), players can unlock the city of Newcastle upon Tyne for play. However, the drivable area is very small and can be glitchy around the barriers.
Device driver, In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program.
In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device.
A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.
A device driver simplifies programming by acting as translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write the higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware device.
Device drivers can be abstracted into logical and physical layers. Logical layers process data for a class of devices such as Ethernet ports or disk drives. Physical layers communicate with specific device instances. For example, a serial port needs to handle standard communication protocols such as XON/XOFF that are common for all serial port hardware. This would be managed by a serial port logical layer. However, the physical layer needs to communicate with a particular serial port chip. 16550 UART hardware differs from PL-011. The physical layer addresses these chip-specific variations. Conventionally, OS requests go to the logical layer first. In turn, the logical layer calls upon the physical layer to implement OS requests in terms understandable by the hardware. Inversely, when a hardware device needs to respond to the OS, it uses the physical layer to speak to the logical layer.
In Linux environments, programmers can build device drivers either as parts of the kernel or separately as loadable modules. Makedev includes a list of the devices in Linux: ttyS (terminal), lp (parallel port), hd (disk), loop (loopback disk device), sound (these include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio)
The Microsoft Windows .sys files and Linux .ko modules contain loadable device drivers. The advantage of loadable device drivers is that they can be loaded only when necessary and then unloaded, thus saving kernel memory.
Writing a device driver requires an in-depth understanding of how the hardware and the software of a given platform function. Drivers operate in a highly privileged environment and can cause disaster if they get things wrong. In contrast, most user-level software on modern operating systems can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.
Thus the task of writing drivers usually falls to software engineers who work for hardware-development companies. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the logical device driver (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the physical device driver (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor. But in recent years non-vendors have written numerous device drivers, mainly for use with free and open source operating systems. In such cases, it is important that the hardware manufacturer provides information on how the device communicates. Although this information can instead be learned by reverse engineering, this is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software.
Microsoft has attempted to reduce system instability due to poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development, called Windows Driver Foundation (WDF). This includes User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF) that encourages development of certain types of drivers — primarily those that implement a message-based protocol for communicating with their devices — as user mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction, they do not cause system instability. The Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) model continues to allow development of kernel-mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are well known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support.
Apple has an open-source framework for developing drivers on Mac OS X called the I/O Kit.
Device drivers, particularly on modern Windows platforms, can run in kernel-mode (Ring 0 on x86 CPUs) or in user-mode (Ring 3 on x86 CPUs). The primary benefit of running a driver in user mode is improved stability, since a poorly written user mode device driver cannot crash the system by overwriting kernel memory. On the other hand, user/kernel-mode transitions usually impose a considerable performance overhead, thereby prohibiting user mode-drivers for low latency and high throughput requirements.
Kernel space can be accessed by user module only through the use of system calls. End user programs like the UNIX shell or other GUI based applications are part of the user space. These applications interact with hardware through kernel supported functions.
Virtual device drivers represent a particular variant of device drivers. They are used to emulate a hardware device, particularly in virtualization environments, for example when a DOS program is run on a Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest operating system is run on, for example, a Xen host. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulate a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e.g. function calls. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor-level events like interrupts into the virtual machine.
Virtual devices may also operate in a non-virtualized environment. For example a virtual network adapter is used with a virtual private network, while a virtual disk device is used with iSCSI. The best example for virtual device drivers can be "Daemon Tools"
A device on the PCI or USB bus is identified by two ID's which consist of 4 numbers and/or letters A to F. The vendor ID identifies the vendor of the device. The device ID identifies a specific device from that manufacturer/vendor.
A PCI device has often an ID pair for the main chip of the device, and also a subsystem ID pair which identifies the vendor, which may be different from the chip manufacturer.
A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.
A device driver simplifies programming by acting as translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write the higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware device.
Device drivers can be abstracted into logical and physical layers. Logical layers process data for a class of devices such as Ethernet ports or disk drives. Physical layers communicate with specific device instances. For example, a serial port needs to handle standard communication protocols such as XON/XOFF that are common for all serial port hardware. This would be managed by a serial port logical layer. However, the physical layer needs to communicate with a particular serial port chip. 16550 UART hardware differs from PL-011. The physical layer addresses these chip-specific variations. Conventionally, OS requests go to the logical layer first. In turn, the logical layer calls upon the physical layer to implement OS requests in terms understandable by the hardware. Inversely, when a hardware device needs to respond to the OS, it uses the physical layer to speak to the logical layer.
In Linux environments, programmers can build device drivers either as parts of the kernel or separately as loadable modules. Makedev includes a list of the devices in Linux: ttyS (terminal), lp (parallel port), hd (disk), loop (loopback disk device), sound (these include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio)
The Microsoft Windows .sys files and Linux .ko modules contain loadable device drivers. The advantage of loadable device drivers is that they can be loaded only when necessary and then unloaded, thus saving kernel memory.
Writing a device driver requires an in-depth understanding of how the hardware and the software of a given platform function. Drivers operate in a highly privileged environment and can cause disaster if they get things wrong. In contrast, most user-level software on modern operating systems can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.
Thus the task of writing drivers usually falls to software engineers who work for hardware-development companies. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the logical device driver (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the physical device driver (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor. But in recent years non-vendors have written numerous device drivers, mainly for use with free and open source operating systems. In such cases, it is important that the hardware manufacturer provides information on how the device communicates. Although this information can instead be learned by reverse engineering, this is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software.
Microsoft has attempted to reduce system instability due to poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development, called Windows Driver Foundation (WDF). This includes User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF) that encourages development of certain types of drivers — primarily those that implement a message-based protocol for communicating with their devices — as user mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction, they do not cause system instability. The Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) model continues to allow development of kernel-mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are well known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support.
Apple has an open-source framework for developing drivers on Mac OS X called the I/O Kit.
Device drivers, particularly on modern Windows platforms, can run in kernel-mode (Ring 0 on x86 CPUs) or in user-mode (Ring 3 on x86 CPUs). The primary benefit of running a driver in user mode is improved stability, since a poorly written user mode device driver cannot crash the system by overwriting kernel memory. On the other hand, user/kernel-mode transitions usually impose a considerable performance overhead, thereby prohibiting user mode-drivers for low latency and high throughput requirements.
Kernel space can be accessed by user module only through the use of system calls. End user programs like the UNIX shell or other GUI based applications are part of the user space. These applications interact with hardware through kernel supported functions.
Virtual device drivers represent a particular variant of device drivers. They are used to emulate a hardware device, particularly in virtualization environments, for example when a DOS program is run on a Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest operating system is run on, for example, a Xen host. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulate a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e.g. function calls. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor-level events like interrupts into the virtual machine.
Virtual devices may also operate in a non-virtualized environment. For example a virtual network adapter is used with a virtual private network, while a virtual disk device is used with iSCSI. The best example for virtual device drivers can be "Daemon Tools"
A device on the PCI or USB bus is identified by two ID's which consist of 4 numbers and/or letters A to F. The vendor ID identifies the vendor of the device. The device ID identifies a specific device from that manufacturer/vendor.
A PCI device has often an ID pair for the main chip of the device, and also a subsystem ID pair which identifies the vendor, which may be different from the chip manufacturer.
Friday, September 9, 2011
Make Construction the Business Plan.
Reinforced concrete Installation LLC plans to become the leading provider of Concrete formwork services in the area. This means always having the best and most efficient facilities, processes, and people. To achieve this, Reinforced concrete Installation is investing in many ways that will pay off in competitive advantages for its customers.
The company is overall strategy will be based on a continuing improvement process of setting objectives, measuring results, and providing feedback to facilitate further growth and progress.
Cement Installation is an Oklahoma Limited Liability company, with principal offices located in Sulphur, Oklahoma. Reinforced concrete Installation is management is highly experienced and qualified. Mr. Barry Newman leads the management team with over ten years of experience in the construction industry.
Reinforced concrete Installation has developed sophisticated formwork solutions for some of the most complex construction projects being done today. The company is standard form systems are versatile and completely adaptable to a variety of configurations such as Y-walls, shafts, and circular walls.
The Concrete Installation system can be adapted to almost any construction requirement that calls for forming. The company is expert staff has the capability to design and manufacture any custom component or accessory item that may be required to complete the formwork package.
Owners, developers, construction managers, general contractors, and Reinforced concrete subcontractors have realized substantial savings in labor and material costs by using structural contours construction methods, systems and equipment. Applications include commercial and residential structures, bridges, educational projects, recreational projects, civil projects, tunnels, utility projects, environmental projects, and virtually every other type of Reinforced concrete construction.
The housing industry has proceeded at a red-hot pace for several years running. An all-time record was set in 1998, when 886,000 new-site single family homes were sold. That represented a 10% gain from the robust total of 804,000 homes sold in 1997, and an 8.1% rise from the prior record of 819,000 units in 1977. Single-family housing construction accounted for $48 million of the total $125 million generated in the industry. This makes for an excellent opportunity to expand Concrete Installation operations and gain significant market share in its primary target market segment. The company also plans to focus to a lesser extent on the residential and heavy construction industry, which is also very robust at the moment.
The company plans to rapidly develop marketing alliances with industry leaders and pursue new sales of its services to residential and commercial builders. The market strategy is to capitalize on Concrete Installation is alliances by securing city, county, and state and federal government contracts.
Concrete Installation plans to use a direct sales force, relationship selling, and subcontractors to reach its markets. These channels are most appropriate because of time to market, reduced capital requirements, and fast access to established distribution channels.
We expect to be profitable during the first year of operations. Despite initial large outlays in cash to promote sales, the company is cash account is expected to remain healthy. The company expects to earn approximately 1.5 million dollars in revenue by Year 3.
The company is overall strategy will be based on a continuing improvement process of setting objectives, measuring results, and providing feedback to facilitate further growth and progress.
Cement Installation is an Oklahoma Limited Liability company, with principal offices located in Sulphur, Oklahoma. Reinforced concrete Installation is management is highly experienced and qualified. Mr. Barry Newman leads the management team with over ten years of experience in the construction industry.
Reinforced concrete Installation has developed sophisticated formwork solutions for some of the most complex construction projects being done today. The company is standard form systems are versatile and completely adaptable to a variety of configurations such as Y-walls, shafts, and circular walls.
The Concrete Installation system can be adapted to almost any construction requirement that calls for forming. The company is expert staff has the capability to design and manufacture any custom component or accessory item that may be required to complete the formwork package.
Owners, developers, construction managers, general contractors, and Reinforced concrete subcontractors have realized substantial savings in labor and material costs by using structural contours construction methods, systems and equipment. Applications include commercial and residential structures, bridges, educational projects, recreational projects, civil projects, tunnels, utility projects, environmental projects, and virtually every other type of Reinforced concrete construction.
The housing industry has proceeded at a red-hot pace for several years running. An all-time record was set in 1998, when 886,000 new-site single family homes were sold. That represented a 10% gain from the robust total of 804,000 homes sold in 1997, and an 8.1% rise from the prior record of 819,000 units in 1977. Single-family housing construction accounted for $48 million of the total $125 million generated in the industry. This makes for an excellent opportunity to expand Concrete Installation operations and gain significant market share in its primary target market segment. The company also plans to focus to a lesser extent on the residential and heavy construction industry, which is also very robust at the moment.
The company plans to rapidly develop marketing alliances with industry leaders and pursue new sales of its services to residential and commercial builders. The market strategy is to capitalize on Concrete Installation is alliances by securing city, county, and state and federal government contracts.
Concrete Installation plans to use a direct sales force, relationship selling, and subcontractors to reach its markets. These channels are most appropriate because of time to market, reduced capital requirements, and fast access to established distribution channels.
We expect to be profitable during the first year of operations. Despite initial large outlays in cash to promote sales, the company is cash account is expected to remain healthy. The company expects to earn approximately 1.5 million dollars in revenue by Year 3.
Thursday, September 8, 2011
Moment (mathematics), Second moment redirects here. For the technique in probability theory.
In mathematics, a moment is, loosely speaking, a quantitative measure of the shape of a set of points. The "second moment", for example, is widely used and measures the "width" (in a particular sense) of a set of points in one dimension or in higher dimensions measures the shape of a cloud of points as it could be fit by an ellipsoid. Other moments describe other aspects of a distribution such as how the distribution is skewed from its mean, or peaked. The mathematical concept is closely related to the concept of moment in physics, although moment in physics is often represented somewhat differently. Any distribution can be characterized by a number of features (such as the mean, the variance, the skewness, etc.), and the moments of a function[1] describe the nature of its distribution.
The 1st moment is denoted by μ1. The first moment of the distribution of the random variable X is the expectation operator, i.e., the population mean (if the first moment exists).
In higher orders, the central moments (moments about the mean) are more interesting than the moments about zero. The kth central moment, of a real-valued random variable probability distribution X, with the expected value μ is
The first central moment is thus 0. The zero-th central moment, μ0 is one. See also central moment.
Other moments may also be defined. For example, the n th inverse moment about zero is E(X − n) and the n th logarithmic moment about zero is E(lnn(x))
The fourth central moment is a measure of whether the distribution is tall and skinny or short and squat, compared to the normal distribution of the same variance. Since it is the expectation of a fourth power, the fourth central moment, where defined, is always non-negative; and except for a point distribution, it is always strictly positive. The fourth central moment of a normal distribution is 3σ4.
The kurtosis κ is defined to be the normalized fourth central moment minus 3. (Equivalently, as in the next section, it is the fourth cumulant divided by the square of the variance.) Some authorities[3][4] do not subtract three, but it is usually more convenient to have the normal distribution at the origin of coordinates. If a distribution has a peak at the mean and long tails, the fourth moment will be high and the kurtosis positive (leptokurtic); and conversely; thus, bounded distributions tend to have low kurtosis (platykurtic).
The kurtosis can be positive without limit, but κ must be greater than or equal to γ2 − 2; equality only holds for binary distributions. For unbounded skew distributions not too far from normal, κ tends to be somewhere in the area of γ2 and 2γ2.
The inequality can be proven by considering
Mixed moments are moments involving multiple variables.
Some examples are covariance, coskewness and cokurtosis. While there is a unique covariance, there are multiple co-skewnesses and co-kurtoses.
Higher moments
High-order moments are moments beyond 4th-order moments. The higher the moment, the harder it is to estimate, in the sense that larger samples are required in order to obtain estimates of similar quality
The 1st moment is denoted by μ1. The first moment of the distribution of the random variable X is the expectation operator, i.e., the population mean (if the first moment exists).
In higher orders, the central moments (moments about the mean) are more interesting than the moments about zero. The kth central moment, of a real-valued random variable probability distribution X, with the expected value μ is
The first central moment is thus 0. The zero-th central moment, μ0 is one. See also central moment.
Other moments may also be defined. For example, the n th inverse moment about zero is E(X − n) and the n th logarithmic moment about zero is E(lnn(x))
The fourth central moment is a measure of whether the distribution is tall and skinny or short and squat, compared to the normal distribution of the same variance. Since it is the expectation of a fourth power, the fourth central moment, where defined, is always non-negative; and except for a point distribution, it is always strictly positive. The fourth central moment of a normal distribution is 3σ4.
The kurtosis κ is defined to be the normalized fourth central moment minus 3. (Equivalently, as in the next section, it is the fourth cumulant divided by the square of the variance.) Some authorities[3][4] do not subtract three, but it is usually more convenient to have the normal distribution at the origin of coordinates. If a distribution has a peak at the mean and long tails, the fourth moment will be high and the kurtosis positive (leptokurtic); and conversely; thus, bounded distributions tend to have low kurtosis (platykurtic).
The kurtosis can be positive without limit, but κ must be greater than or equal to γ2 − 2; equality only holds for binary distributions. For unbounded skew distributions not too far from normal, κ tends to be somewhere in the area of γ2 and 2γ2.
The inequality can be proven by considering
Mixed moments are moments involving multiple variables.
Some examples are covariance, coskewness and cokurtosis. While there is a unique covariance, there are multiple co-skewnesses and co-kurtoses.
Higher moments
High-order moments are moments beyond 4th-order moments. The higher the moment, the harder it is to estimate, in the sense that larger samples are required in order to obtain estimates of similar quality
In physics, Moment of force (often just moment) is the tendency of a force to twist or rotate an object.
Moment of force (often just moment) is the tendency of a force to twist or rotate an object; see the article torque for details. This is an important, basic concept in engineering and physics. A moment is valued mathematically as the product of the force and the moment arm. The moment arm is the perpendicular distance from the point of rotation, to the line of action of the force. The moment may be thought of as a measure of the tendency of the force to cause rotation about an imaginary axis through a point. (Note: In mechanical and civil engineering, "moment" and "torque" have different meanings, while in physics they are synonyms. See the discussion in the "torque" article, or the article couple (mechanics).)
The moment of a force can be calculated about any point and not just the points in which the line of action of the force is perpendicular. Image A shows the components, the force F, and the moment arm, x when they are perpendicular to one another. When the force is not perpendicular to the point of interest, such as Point O in Images B and C, the magnitude of the Moment, M of a vector F about the point O is
Image C represents the vector components of the force in Image B. In order to determine the Moment, M of a vector F about the point O, when vector F is not perpendicular to point O, one must resolve the force F, into its horizontal and vertical components. The sum of the moments of the two components of F about the point O is
The moment arm to the vertical component of F is a distance x. The moment arm to the horizontal component of F does not exist. There is no rotational force about point O due to the horizontal component of F. Thus, the moment arm distance is zero, or 0.
Thus M can be referred to as "the moment M with respect to the axis that goes through the point O, or simply "the moment M about point O". If O is the origin, or, informally, if the axis involved is clear from context, one often omits O and says simply moment, rather than moment about O. Therefore, the moment about point O is indeed the cross product
The moment of a force can be calculated about any point and not just the points in which the line of action of the force is perpendicular. Image A shows the components, the force F, and the moment arm, x when they are perpendicular to one another. When the force is not perpendicular to the point of interest, such as Point O in Images B and C, the magnitude of the Moment, M of a vector F about the point O is
Image C represents the vector components of the force in Image B. In order to determine the Moment, M of a vector F about the point O, when vector F is not perpendicular to point O, one must resolve the force F, into its horizontal and vertical components. The sum of the moments of the two components of F about the point O is
The moment arm to the vertical component of F is a distance x. The moment arm to the horizontal component of F does not exist. There is no rotational force about point O due to the horizontal component of F. Thus, the moment arm distance is zero, or 0.
Thus M can be referred to as "the moment M with respect to the axis that goes through the point O, or simply "the moment M about point O". If O is the origin, or, informally, if the axis involved is clear from context, one often omits O and says simply moment, rather than moment about O. Therefore, the moment about point O is indeed the cross product
Wednesday, September 7, 2011
Green building also known as green construction or sustainable building
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources, Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity, Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation
A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Green building does not specifically address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes.
A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.
Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, and the very first rule is, do not build in sprawl. No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you build in sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Buildings account for a large amount of land.According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used.
Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.
While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the method is derived: Siting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.
On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources, Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity, Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation
A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Green building does not specifically address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes.
A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.
Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, and the very first rule is, do not build in sprawl. No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you build in sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Buildings account for a large amount of land.According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used.
Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.
While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the method is derived: Siting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.
On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.
Sunday, September 4, 2011
Renal failure in non-lethal sensitivity Causes and treatment.
Renal failure caused by loss of kidney function. Unable to secrete And waste from the body. Cause loss of balance. And blood poisoning. Patients will have symptoms, nausea, fatigue, absorb and finally died.
Renal failure with a second acute renal failure, which temporarily Can be recovered back. Served again. Has healed. And chronic The permanent loss of kidney function. Can not do it anymore.
The cause of many chronic renal failure can be treated with some. And prevent decay. Or slowing the deterioration of renal function. If you do not immediately treat the cause that these Renal function will gradually decline until the end stage renal failure.
Renal disease. Whether caused by any Finally, to address causes female Red (Uremia) the same cause anemia and swelling, fatigue, absorbed into the consciousness and seizures. The body does not exist. If the renal excretion of waste does not work. But patients do not despair with the knowledge and new technologies. Physicians to treat patients with renal failure. To live a reasonable quality.
Chronic renal failure caused by what?
Renal disease. Not caused by one However, a condition that Diseases caused by many things. Common causes include diabetes is the disease for more than 15 years, high blood pressure for a long time Chronic kidney disease. Stone is a common cause in Thai.
Renal disease treatment to cure me?
When chronic kidney functions. Renal function will decline ever. Until renal atrophy Can not be cured as normal. But we can slow the deterioration of renal function. By reducing food protein And blood pressure control. That in normal
Renal disease can be prevented me?
The cause of many chronic renal failure. Can be prevented, such as diabetes control. And high blood pressure as well. Can reduce the incidence of chronic renal failure. Many types of nephritis can be treated. And renal function was reserved. If treated early. Due to renal disease incurable. But may be prevented. Detection of kidney disease. And since the initial treatment. It is very important in preventing kidney failure. It is regrettable that Some patients with kidney disease, different treatment at all. Cause kidney failure and died so quickly.
How do I know if my kidney disease?
Renal failure with a second acute renal failure, which temporarily Can be recovered back. Served again. Has healed. And chronic The permanent loss of kidney function. Can not do it anymore.
The cause of many chronic renal failure can be treated with some. And prevent decay. Or slowing the deterioration of renal function. If you do not immediately treat the cause that these Renal function will gradually decline until the end stage renal failure.
Renal disease. Whether caused by any Finally, to address causes female Red (Uremia) the same cause anemia and swelling, fatigue, absorbed into the consciousness and seizures. The body does not exist. If the renal excretion of waste does not work. But patients do not despair with the knowledge and new technologies. Physicians to treat patients with renal failure. To live a reasonable quality.
Chronic renal failure caused by what?
Renal disease. Not caused by one However, a condition that Diseases caused by many things. Common causes include diabetes is the disease for more than 15 years, high blood pressure for a long time Chronic kidney disease. Stone is a common cause in Thai.
Renal disease treatment to cure me?
When chronic kidney functions. Renal function will decline ever. Until renal atrophy Can not be cured as normal. But we can slow the deterioration of renal function. By reducing food protein And blood pressure control. That in normal
Renal disease can be prevented me?
The cause of many chronic renal failure. Can be prevented, such as diabetes control. And high blood pressure as well. Can reduce the incidence of chronic renal failure. Many types of nephritis can be treated. And renal function was reserved. If treated early. Due to renal disease incurable. But may be prevented. Detection of kidney disease. And since the initial treatment. It is very important in preventing kidney failure. It is regrettable that Some patients with kidney disease, different treatment at all. Cause kidney failure and died so quickly.
How do I know if my kidney disease?
Tuesday, August 30, 2011
ถวายจอบ เสียม สิ่วเข้าวัดจะเป็นเทวดาที่มีพระขรรค์
อาตมาสอนพระกรรมฐานตอนกลางคืนที่บ้านสายลม
ขณะที่ทุกคนกำลังเจริญพระกรรมฐานก็จับลมหายใจนิดหน่อย
และตั้งใจจะไปเทวสภา แต่ท่านลุงพุฒคือท่านพระยายมราชก็มาตาม
จึงถามว่า "ลุงมีธุระสำคัญหรือ"
ท่านตอบว่า "สำคัญ ถ้าไม่สำคัญผมไม่มาเอง"
อาตมาก็เลยไปกับท่าน เมื่อไปถึงสำนักพยายมราช ที่สอบสวนก็ปรากฏว่า
มีผู้หญิงคนหนึ่งอายุ 52 ปี นั่งคอยอยู่ที่
ถามว่ามีธุระอะไรหรือ ท่านตอบว่า "ผมถามเรื่องบุญทุกอย่าง มันนึกอะไรไม่ออกทั้งหมดมันนึกได้แต่คุณอย่างเดียว"
จึงถามว่า "เคยถวายสังฆทานที่วัดหลายครั้งนึกออกไหม"
เธอตอบ "นึกออกเจ้าค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยฟังเทศน์จำได้ไหม"
ตอบว่า "จำได้เจ้าค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยใส่บาตรทุกวันจำได้ไหม"
ตอบว่า "จำได้เจ้าค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยไหว้พระสวดมนต์ทุกวันจำได้ไหม"
ตอบ "จำได้เจ้า่ค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยเจริญพระกรรมฐานบ้างไหม"
ตอบว่า "เคยเจริญมโนยิทธแต่ไม่ได้ มาฝึกวันเดียวไม่ได้แล้วก็กลับไปพยายามทำเรื่อยก็ไม่ได้
เวลาจะตายจิตไม่ได้นึกถึงบุญเพราะมีทุกขเวทนามาก
ปวดเสียดท้องจึงทำให้นึกถึงบุญไม่ไหว ก็เลยตาย
เมื่อตายแล้วท่านพยายมราชถามเรื่องบาปทั้งหมดจำได้แต่ถามเรื่องบุญนึกไม่ออก
นึกได้แต่หลวงพ่อฤาษีลิงดำองค์เดียว
ก็เป็นอันว่า พออาตมาพูดนำเธอนึกถึงบุญได้ทั้งหมด
ท่านพยายมราชจึงบอกว่า "ถ้าอย่างนั้นเธอไปตามบุญของเธอ"
เธอกราบ 3 ครั้ง พอกราบครั้งที่ 3 เสร็จลุกขึ้นมาสวยปลั่งเลย
แต่งตัวขาวจ๋อง และมีพระขรรค์ติดมือไปด้วย ไปอยู่สวรรค์ชั้นยามา
อาตมาถามท่านพยายมราชว่า "พระขรรค์มีไว้ทำไม"
ท่านตอบว่า "พระขรรค์นี้มีฤทธิ์มาก"
ถามว่า "อานิสงค์อะไรจึงมีพระขรรค์"
ท่านบอกว่า "อานิสงค์ที่ซื้อจอบซื้อเสียมถวายพระสำหรับให้พระใช้ทำงาน เลยกลายเป็นพระขรรค์ไป"
ดังนั้นถ้าใครมีจอบ เสียม มีสิ่ว มีเครื่องกบไฟฟ้า มีสว่านไฟฟ้า ทางวัดต้องการหมด มีอานิสงส์มาก
ตายแล้วจะได้มีพระขรรค์ มีฤทธิ์มาก...."
ขณะที่ทุกคนกำลังเจริญพระกรรมฐานก็จับลมหายใจนิดหน่อย
และตั้งใจจะไปเทวสภา แต่ท่านลุงพุฒคือท่านพระยายมราชก็มาตาม
จึงถามว่า "ลุงมีธุระสำคัญหรือ"
ท่านตอบว่า "สำคัญ ถ้าไม่สำคัญผมไม่มาเอง"
อาตมาก็เลยไปกับท่าน เมื่อไปถึงสำนักพยายมราช ที่สอบสวนก็ปรากฏว่า
มีผู้หญิงคนหนึ่งอายุ 52 ปี นั่งคอยอยู่ที่
ถามว่ามีธุระอะไรหรือ ท่านตอบว่า "ผมถามเรื่องบุญทุกอย่าง มันนึกอะไรไม่ออกทั้งหมดมันนึกได้แต่คุณอย่างเดียว"
จึงถามว่า "เคยถวายสังฆทานที่วัดหลายครั้งนึกออกไหม"
เธอตอบ "นึกออกเจ้าค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยฟังเทศน์จำได้ไหม"
ตอบว่า "จำได้เจ้าค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยใส่บาตรทุกวันจำได้ไหม"
ตอบว่า "จำได้เจ้าค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยไหว้พระสวดมนต์ทุกวันจำได้ไหม"
ตอบ "จำได้เจ้า่ค่ะ"
ถามว่า "เคยเจริญพระกรรมฐานบ้างไหม"
ตอบว่า "เคยเจริญมโนยิทธแต่ไม่ได้ มาฝึกวันเดียวไม่ได้แล้วก็กลับไปพยายามทำเรื่อยก็ไม่ได้
เวลาจะตายจิตไม่ได้นึกถึงบุญเพราะมีทุกขเวทนามาก
ปวดเสียดท้องจึงทำให้นึกถึงบุญไม่ไหว ก็เลยตาย
เมื่อตายแล้วท่านพยายมราชถามเรื่องบาปทั้งหมดจำได้แต่ถามเรื่องบุญนึกไม่ออก
นึกได้แต่หลวงพ่อฤาษีลิงดำองค์เดียว
ก็เป็นอันว่า พออาตมาพูดนำเธอนึกถึงบุญได้ทั้งหมด
ท่านพยายมราชจึงบอกว่า "ถ้าอย่างนั้นเธอไปตามบุญของเธอ"
เธอกราบ 3 ครั้ง พอกราบครั้งที่ 3 เสร็จลุกขึ้นมาสวยปลั่งเลย
แต่งตัวขาวจ๋อง และมีพระขรรค์ติดมือไปด้วย ไปอยู่สวรรค์ชั้นยามา
อาตมาถามท่านพยายมราชว่า "พระขรรค์มีไว้ทำไม"
ท่านตอบว่า "พระขรรค์นี้มีฤทธิ์มาก"
ถามว่า "อานิสงค์อะไรจึงมีพระขรรค์"
ท่านบอกว่า "อานิสงค์ที่ซื้อจอบซื้อเสียมถวายพระสำหรับให้พระใช้ทำงาน เลยกลายเป็นพระขรรค์ไป"
ดังนั้นถ้าใครมีจอบ เสียม มีสิ่ว มีเครื่องกบไฟฟ้า มีสว่านไฟฟ้า ทางวัดต้องการหมด มีอานิสงส์มาก
ตายแล้วจะได้มีพระขรรค์ มีฤทธิ์มาก...."
Saturday, August 27, 2011
BUDDHISM AND SCIENCE
Based on a talk given by Ajahn Brahmavamso to lay people at the Dhammaloka Buddhist Centre, Nollamara, Western Australia, on 19th of October 2001
Sometime ago, I was invited to the West Perth Observatory as part of the Centenary Federation celebrations in Western Australia. The youth groups of W.A. organised all the events. One of the events they presented was entitled ‘Our Place in Space’. The idea was to try and find out whether the future would be one which followed science or one which would follow religion. They wanted to see how those two, so called contradictory approaches to life, would pan out into the future. So they invited representatives from a couple of religions. I represented the Buddhists, and a teacher from a prestigious Christian school represented the Christians. The State Astronomer and a young person from the University of WA, who was about to get a PhD in physics, were also on the panel, representing Astronomy and Physics. What they didn’t know was that before I was a monk I was a theoretical physicist. So, I knew what Buddhists know and I also knew what they know. It was a bit unfair, but really good fun. It was good fun talking to the audience about Buddhism, religion and science, and how they come together. There are dangers in religion and science, but they can be used to help people to find a way through their lives in wise, compassionate and effective ways.
This method that we take as science in the universities, in the labs, and in the hospitals often suffers from the same disease as religion dogmatism. You know what religious dogmatism is like. We have a belief and whether it fits with experience or not, whether it’s useful or not, whether it’s conducive to people’s happiness, harmony, and peace in the world or not, we follow it just because that’s our belief. But following beliefs blindly, dogmatically, is just a recipe for violence and suffering.
One of the beautiful things about Buddhism that encouraged me to become a Buddhist when I was young, and which keeps me as a Buddhist now, is that questioning is always encouraged. You do not need to believe. In one of the tales from the ancient texts the Buddha gave a teaching to his chief monk, Venerable Sariputta. After giving the teaching, the Buddha asked his chief monk, “Sariputta, do you believe what I just taught?” Sariputta, without any hesitation, said “No I don’t believe it, because I haven’t experienced it yet”. The Buddha said, “Well done! Well done! Well done!” That is the attitude to encourage in all disciples, either of religion or science. Not to believe, but to keep an open mind until they’ve had the true experience. This attitude goes against dogmatism, it runs counter to fundamentalism, which one doesn’t only see in religion, but which one also sees in science.
‘The eminence of a great scientist’, the old saying goes, ‘is measured by the length of time they obstruct progress in their field’.
The more famous the scientist, the more prominent they are, the more their views are taken to be gospel truth. Their fame stops other people challenging them; it delays the arrival of a better ‘truth’. In Buddhism when you find a better truth, use it at once.
Sometime ago, I was invited to the West Perth Observatory as part of the Centenary Federation celebrations in Western Australia. The youth groups of W.A. organised all the events. One of the events they presented was entitled ‘Our Place in Space’. The idea was to try and find out whether the future would be one which followed science or one which would follow religion. They wanted to see how those two, so called contradictory approaches to life, would pan out into the future. So they invited representatives from a couple of religions. I represented the Buddhists, and a teacher from a prestigious Christian school represented the Christians. The State Astronomer and a young person from the University of WA, who was about to get a PhD in physics, were also on the panel, representing Astronomy and Physics. What they didn’t know was that before I was a monk I was a theoretical physicist. So, I knew what Buddhists know and I also knew what they know. It was a bit unfair, but really good fun. It was good fun talking to the audience about Buddhism, religion and science, and how they come together. There are dangers in religion and science, but they can be used to help people to find a way through their lives in wise, compassionate and effective ways.
This method that we take as science in the universities, in the labs, and in the hospitals often suffers from the same disease as religion dogmatism. You know what religious dogmatism is like. We have a belief and whether it fits with experience or not, whether it’s useful or not, whether it’s conducive to people’s happiness, harmony, and peace in the world or not, we follow it just because that’s our belief. But following beliefs blindly, dogmatically, is just a recipe for violence and suffering.
One of the beautiful things about Buddhism that encouraged me to become a Buddhist when I was young, and which keeps me as a Buddhist now, is that questioning is always encouraged. You do not need to believe. In one of the tales from the ancient texts the Buddha gave a teaching to his chief monk, Venerable Sariputta. After giving the teaching, the Buddha asked his chief monk, “Sariputta, do you believe what I just taught?” Sariputta, without any hesitation, said “No I don’t believe it, because I haven’t experienced it yet”. The Buddha said, “Well done! Well done! Well done!” That is the attitude to encourage in all disciples, either of religion or science. Not to believe, but to keep an open mind until they’ve had the true experience. This attitude goes against dogmatism, it runs counter to fundamentalism, which one doesn’t only see in religion, but which one also sees in science.
‘The eminence of a great scientist’, the old saying goes, ‘is measured by the length of time they obstruct progress in their field’.
The more famous the scientist, the more prominent they are, the more their views are taken to be gospel truth. Their fame stops other people challenging them; it delays the arrival of a better ‘truth’. In Buddhism when you find a better truth, use it at once.
Wednesday, August 24, 2011
Satya Narayan Goenka
Mr. Satya Narayan Goenka Good Luck Charm is the Principal Teacher of Vipassana, the practical quintessence of the Buddha’s teaching. A leading industrialist in Myanmar (Burma) after the Second World War, Goenkaji, as he is affectionately known outside India , is living proof that the mental exercise of meditation is necessary for a wholesome and beneficial life. Known for his humility, deep compassion, unperturbed composure, Mr. Goenka’s emphasis on the self-dependant, non-sectarian and result oriented nature of Vipassana found appeal in a world searching for a practical path out of stress and suffering.
As an indicator of the increasing universal acceptance of the Buddha’s scientific teachings, Mr. Goenka has been invited to lecture by institutions as diverse as the United Nations General Assembly, members of the Indian Parliament, Harvard Business Club, Dharma Drum Mountain Monastery (of Ven. Sheng Yen) in Taiwan, the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the Smithsonian Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association.
Mr. Goenka’s success in service comes from being an inspiring example and an ideal, and of practicing what he asks his students to practice. “Develop purity in yourself if you wish to encourage others to follow the path of purity,” he told an annual meeting in Dhamma Giri, Igatpuri, on March I, 1989. “Discover real peace and harmony within yourself, and naturally this will overflow to benefit others.”
Mr. Goenka is a tireless worker. In 2002, at the age of 78, he undertook a remarkable Dhamma tour of the West. Accompanied by his wife Illaichidevi Goenka, a few senior teachers and students, he traveled for 128 days through Europe and North America, joyfully sharing the priceless gift of Vipassana. The second leg of the tour was a 13,000-mile road journey in a motor caravan through the United States and Canada.
On the 62nd day of this Dhamma Odyssey, on June 10, 2002, Mr. Goenka told a crowded gathering at Sonoma State University, Santa Rosa, CA.
As an indicator of the increasing universal acceptance of the Buddha’s scientific teachings, Mr. Goenka has been invited to lecture by institutions as diverse as the United Nations General Assembly, members of the Indian Parliament, Harvard Business Club, Dharma Drum Mountain Monastery (of Ven. Sheng Yen) in Taiwan, the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the Smithsonian Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association.
Mr. Goenka’s success in service comes from being an inspiring example and an ideal, and of practicing what he asks his students to practice. “Develop purity in yourself if you wish to encourage others to follow the path of purity,” he told an annual meeting in Dhamma Giri, Igatpuri, on March I, 1989. “Discover real peace and harmony within yourself, and naturally this will overflow to benefit others.”
Mr. Goenka is a tireless worker. In 2002, at the age of 78, he undertook a remarkable Dhamma tour of the West. Accompanied by his wife Illaichidevi Goenka, a few senior teachers and students, he traveled for 128 days through Europe and North America, joyfully sharing the priceless gift of Vipassana. The second leg of the tour was a 13,000-mile road journey in a motor caravan through the United States and Canada.
On the 62nd day of this Dhamma Odyssey, on June 10, 2002, Mr. Goenka told a crowded gathering at Sonoma State University, Santa Rosa, CA.
Monday, August 22, 2011
เขียนแบบบ้าน แบบขออนุญาตก่อสร้าง แบบยื่นกู้ธนาคาร คำนวณโครงสร้าง ประมาณราคา
เขียนแบบบ้าน แบบขออนุญาตก่อสร้าง แบบยื่นกู้ธนาคาร คำนวณโครงสร้าง ประมาณราคา
รับงานทุกพื้นที่ ทุกตำบล ทุกอำเภอ ทุกจังหวัด ทั่วประเทศ
โปรโมชั่นพิเศษ #1
จัดทำแบบบ้าน(แบบสถาปัตย์+แบบโครงสร้าง+แบบระบบไฟฟ้า+แบบระบบประปา-สุขาภิบาล)
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านไม่เกิน 50 ตร.ม. ในราคา 2,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 51 - 100 ตร.ม. ในราคา 3,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 101 - 150 ตร.ม. ในราคา 4,500 บาท
***หมายเหตุ***
- ไม่รวมรายการประมาณราคาก่อสร้าง
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของสถาปนิก
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของวิศวกร
- ไม่รวมการจักทำภาพ 3D เสมือนจริง
โปรโมชั่นพิเศษ #2
จัดทำแบบบ้านครบชุด(แบบสถาปัตย์+แบบโครงสร้าง+แบบระบบไฟฟ้า+แบบระบบ ประปา-สุขาภิบาล) , พร้อมรายการคำนวณโครงสร้างและเซ็นรับรองรายการคำนวณโดยวิศวกร
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านไม่เกิน 50 ตร.ม. ในราคา 5,000 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 51 - 100 ตร.ม. ในราคา 6,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 101 - 150 ตร.ม. ในราคา 7,500 บาท
***หมายเหตุ***
- ไม่รวมรายการประมาณราคาก่อสร้าง
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของสถาปนิก
โปรโมชั่นพิเศษ #3
จัดทำภาพ 3D เสมือนจริงให้ชมก่อนจัดทำแบบ จัดทำแบบบ้านครบชุด พร้อมรายการคำนวณโครงสร้างและเซ็นรับรองรายการคำนวณโดยวิศวกร และรายการประมาณราคางานก่อสร้าง
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านไม่เกิน 50 ตร.ม. ในราคา 6,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 51 - 100 ตร.ม. ในราคา 8,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 101 - 150 ตร.ม. ในราคา 9,500 บาท
***หมายเหตุ***
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของสถาปนิก
บริการของเรา
1. ออกแบบบ้าน และอาคารโดยคำนึงถึงประโยชน์ใช้สอย พื้นที่การปลูกสร้าง และงบประมาณที่ท่านตั้งไว
2. เราใช้โปรแกรม 3D ช่วยทำภาพในมุมมองสามมิติ(Perspective) เพื่อให้ท่านได้เห็นภาพเสมือนจริงบ้านของท่านก่อนสร้าง
3. ออกแบบโครงสร้างโดยวิศวกรโยธา พร้อมเซ็นรับรองรายการคำนวณโครงสร้าง
4. จัดทำรายการประมาณการ ประมาณราคาค่าก่อสร้าง B.O.Q.
5. จัดทำแบบขออนุญาตก่อสร้าง แบบแปลนเพื่อขอยื่นกู้ธนาคาร แบบก่อสร้าง
6. รับควบคุมงานก่อสร้าง พร้อมดำเนินการคัดเลือก และจัดหาผู้รับเหมา
7. รับเขียนแบบด้วยโปรแกรม Auto CAD ทั้ง 2D และ 3D
เราเป็นฟรีแลนซ์ (freelance) ด้วยสาเหตุนี้เองเราจึงดำเนินการด้วยราคาที่ย่อมเยาว์ ประหยัด เหมาะกับภาวะเศรษฐกิจในยุคนี้
ติดต่อ คุณธนเสฏฐ์ โทร. 081-6177145
รับงานทุกพื้นที่ ทุกตำบล ทุกอำเภอ ทุกจังหวัด ทั่วประเทศ
โปรโมชั่นพิเศษ #1
จัดทำแบบบ้าน(แบบสถาปัตย์+แบบโครงสร้าง+แบบระบบไฟฟ้า+แบบระบบประปา-สุขาภิบาล)
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านไม่เกิน 50 ตร.ม. ในราคา 2,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 51 - 100 ตร.ม. ในราคา 3,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 101 - 150 ตร.ม. ในราคา 4,500 บาท
***หมายเหตุ***
- ไม่รวมรายการประมาณราคาก่อสร้าง
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของสถาปนิก
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของวิศวกร
- ไม่รวมการจักทำภาพ 3D เสมือนจริง
โปรโมชั่นพิเศษ #2
จัดทำแบบบ้านครบชุด(แบบสถาปัตย์+แบบโครงสร้าง+แบบระบบไฟฟ้า+แบบระบบ ประปา-สุขาภิบาล) , พร้อมรายการคำนวณโครงสร้างและเซ็นรับรองรายการคำนวณโดยวิศวกร
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านไม่เกิน 50 ตร.ม. ในราคา 5,000 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 51 - 100 ตร.ม. ในราคา 6,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 101 - 150 ตร.ม. ในราคา 7,500 บาท
***หมายเหตุ***
- ไม่รวมรายการประมาณราคาก่อสร้าง
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของสถาปนิก
โปรโมชั่นพิเศษ #3
จัดทำภาพ 3D เสมือนจริงให้ชมก่อนจัดทำแบบ จัดทำแบบบ้านครบชุด พร้อมรายการคำนวณโครงสร้างและเซ็นรับรองรายการคำนวณโดยวิศวกร และรายการประมาณราคางานก่อสร้าง
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านไม่เกิน 50 ตร.ม. ในราคา 6,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 51 - 100 ตร.ม. ในราคา 8,500 บาท
- พื้นที่ใช้สอยของตัวบ้านตั้งแต่ 101 - 150 ตร.ม. ในราคา 9,500 บาท
***หมายเหตุ***
- ไม่รวมการเซ็นของสถาปนิก
บริการของเรา
1. ออกแบบบ้าน และอาคารโดยคำนึงถึงประโยชน์ใช้สอย พื้นที่การปลูกสร้าง และงบประมาณที่ท่านตั้งไว
2. เราใช้โปรแกรม 3D ช่วยทำภาพในมุมมองสามมิติ(Perspective) เพื่อให้ท่านได้เห็นภาพเสมือนจริงบ้านของท่านก่อนสร้าง
3. ออกแบบโครงสร้างโดยวิศวกรโยธา พร้อมเซ็นรับรองรายการคำนวณโครงสร้าง
4. จัดทำรายการประมาณการ ประมาณราคาค่าก่อสร้าง B.O.Q.
5. จัดทำแบบขออนุญาตก่อสร้าง แบบแปลนเพื่อขอยื่นกู้ธนาคาร แบบก่อสร้าง
6. รับควบคุมงานก่อสร้าง พร้อมดำเนินการคัดเลือก และจัดหาผู้รับเหมา
7. รับเขียนแบบด้วยโปรแกรม Auto CAD ทั้ง 2D และ 3D
เราเป็นฟรีแลนซ์ (freelance) ด้วยสาเหตุนี้เองเราจึงดำเนินการด้วยราคาที่ย่อมเยาว์ ประหยัด เหมาะกับภาวะเศรษฐกิจในยุคนี้
ติดต่อ คุณธนเสฏฐ์ โทร. 081-6177145
Saturday, August 20, 2011
การเลือกบ้านประหยัดพลังงาน
20 แม่ไม้สำคัญ ในการเลือกบ้านประหยัดพลังงาน
1. อย่าใส่แหล่งความร้อน(ลานคอนกรีต)ในบ้าน
ภายในบริเวณบ้านไม่ควรมีลานคอนกรีตในทิศทางรับแสงแดดจัด เช่น ทิศใต้และทิศตะวันตก เนื่องจากในเวลากลางวันคอนกรีตจะกลายเป็นมวลสารสะสมความร้อน (Thermal mass)
มีการสะสมความร้อนไว้ในเวลากลางวันในปริมาณมาก ด้วยคุณสมบัติการนำความร้อนของวัสดุและจะถ่ายเทความร้อนกลับสู่บ้านของท่านในเวลากลางคืน จึงทำให้สภาพแวดล้อมของบ้านและตัวบ้านมีอุณหภูมิสูงตามไปด้วย การจัดวางตำแหน่งพื้นคอนกรีตเพื่อเป็นที่จอดรถยนต์หรือชานหรือระเบียงที่ดีควรเลือกวางในทิศที่ไม่ถูกแสงแดดมาก เช่น ทิศเหนือ ทิศตะวันออกและควรมีร่มเงาจากต้นไม้ช่วยลดปริมาณแสงแดด
2. รั้วบ้าน...ต้องโล่ง...โปร่ง...สบาย
รั้วบ้านไม่ควรออกแบบให้มีลักษณะทึบตันเนื่องจากรั้วทึบจะกีดขวางการเคลื่อนที่ของลมเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านทำให้ภายในตัวบ้านอับลมนอกจากนี้วัสดุที่ใช้ทำรั้วบางชนิด เช่น อิฐมอญ คอนกรีต เสริมเหล็ก คอนกรีตบล็อก ยังมีคุณสมบัติสะสมความร้อนไว้ในตัวเองในเวลากลางวันและคายกลับสู่สภาพแวดล้อมและตัวบ้าน ในเวลากลางคืน
3. อย่าลืม!!ต้นไม้ให้ร่มเงา
การปลูกต้นไม้ในบริเวณบ้านนอกจากจะสร้างความร่มรื่นและความสดชื่นสบายตาสบายใจแก่ผู้อาศัยในบ้านแล้วใบไม้หลากรูปทรงและสีสันที่แผ่กิ่งก้านสาขายังสามารถลดแสงแดดที่ตกกระทบตัวบ้านและให้ร่มเงาที่ร่มเย็นแก่ผู้อยู่อาศัยได้เป็น อย่างดีนอกจากนี้ สิ่งที่สำคัญที่สุดต้นไม้ใบหญ้าทั้งหลายยังช่วยลดความร้อนจากสภาพแวดล้อมด้วยการคายไอน้ำผ่านทางปากใบได้อีกด้วยซึ่งควรพิจารณาตำแหน่งการปลูกต้นไม้ใหญ่น้อยในบริเวณบ้านให้สัมพันธ์กับร่มเงาที่เกิดขึ้นกับตัวบ้านไว้ล่วงหน้า
ข้อควรระวัง! การปลูกไม้ใหญ่ใกล้บ้านเกินไป ต้องระวังรากของต้นไม้ใหญ่จะสร้างความเสียหายให้กับโครงสร้างของบ้านจึงควรดูความเหมาะสมของชนิดต้นไม้
4. ก่อนสร้าง อย่าลืม!!! พื้นชั้นล่างปูแผ่นพลาสติก
บ้านพักอาศัยทั่วไปในปัจจุบันทั้งชั้นล่างและชั้นบนมักติดตั้ง เครื่องปรับอากาศให้ความเย็นและลดความชื้นภายในพื้นที่ กันเป็นจำนวนมาก การเตรียมการก่อสร้างบ้านในส่วนโครงสร้างพื้นชั้นล่างควรปูแผ่นพลาสติก เพื่อป้องกัน ความชื้นที่ระเหยขึ้นจากผิวดิน ซึ่งเป็นผลให้มีความเสียหายที่วัสดุปูพื้นชั้นล่าง และประเด็นที่สำคัญด้านพลังงานคือเกิดการสะสมความชื้นภายในพื้นที่ชั้นล่างของตัวบ้านเป็นที่มาของภาระการทำความเย็นของเครื่องปรับอากาศที่เพิ่มขึ้นในที่สุด สิ่งที่ควรระวังระหว่างการก่อสร้างส่วนดังกล่าว คือ การฉีกขาดเสียหาย ของพลาสติกเนื่องจากเหล็กที่ใช้ในระหว่างการก่อสร้าง จึงต้องมีการเตรียมก่อสร้างไว้ล่วงหน้าเช่นกัน
5. หันบ้านให้ถูกทิศ(ลม-แดด-ฝน) จิตแจ่มใส
การออกแบบบ้านเรือนในประเทศไทยไม่ควรหลงลืมปัจจัยพื้นฐานที่มีผลต่อการถ่ายเทความร้อนสู่ตัวบ้าน นั่นคือส่วนใหญ่ได้รับความร้อนจากดวงอาทิตย์ ทางทิศใต้(แดดอ้อมใต้)เป็นเวลา 8-9 เดือนและด้วยมุมกระทำของดวงอาทิตย์ต่อพื้นโลกมีค่าน้อย (มุมต่ำ) จึงทำให้การป้องกันแสงแดดทำได้ยากเป็นผลให้ทิศทางดังกล่าวได้รับอิทธิพลจากแสงแดดรุนแรงเกือบตลอดปี การวางตำแหน่งบ้านและการออกแบบ รูปทรงบ้านที่ดีต้องหลีกเลี่ยงการรับแสงแดดในทิศดังกล่าวนอกจากนี้ลมประจำ(ลมมรสุม)ที่พัดผ่านประเทศไทยมีทิศทางชัดเจนจากทิศใต้และทิศตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ในช่วงฤดูร้อน และฤดูฝน และพัดจากทิศตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือในฤดูหนาวการวางผังบ้านและทิศทางตำแหน่งช่องหน้าต่างเพื่อระบายความร้อนในบ้าน จึงต้องคำนึงถึงทิศทางกระแสลมเหล่านี้เป็นสำคัญอีกด้วย
6. มีครัวไทยต้องไม่เชื่อมติดตัวบ้าน
การทำครัวแบบไทย นอกจากจะได้อาหารที่มีรสเผ็ดร้อนถูกปากคนไทยแล้วยังก่อให้เกิดความร้อนสะสมขึ้นในพื้นที่ดังกล่าวในปริมาณมากอีกด้วย อันเนื่องมาจากอุปกรณ์และกิจกรรมการทำครัวต่างๆซึ่งแตกต่างจากครัวฝรั่งโดยสิ้นเชิงความร้อนที่เกิดขึ้นในห้องครัวที่ติดกับตัวบ้านจะสามารถถ่ายเทเข้าสู่พื้นที่ใกล้เคียงได้อย่างรวดเร็วในลักษณะสะพานความร้อน (Thermal Bridge) และหากห้องติดกันเป็นพื้นที่ปรับ อากาศจะยิ่งสิ้นเปลืองพลังงานในการทำความเย็นของห้องดังกล่าวมากขึ้นโดยใช่เหตุ แต่อย่างไรก็ตามในกรณีที่หลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้ ควรติดตั้งฉนวนกันความร้อนเพิ่มเติมระหว่างห้องครัวกับตัวบ้าน เพื่อบรรเทาปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้น
7.ประตูหน้าต่างต้องมีทางลมเข้าออก
การระบายความร้อนภายในบ้านโดยใช้ลมธรรมชาติพัดผ่านหน้าต่าง ภายในห้องต้องมีช่องทางให้ลมเข้าและลมออกได้อย่างน้อย 2 ด้านมิฉะนั้นลมจะไม่สามารถไหลผ่านได้และสิ่งที่ดีที่สุดคือการออกแบบให้ช่องหน้าต่างอยู่ตรงข้ามกันและมีขนาดใหญ่เท่าเทียมกันจะทำให้การระบายความร้อนเกิดขึ้นมากที่สุด นอกจากนี้การวางตำแหน่งช่องหน้าต่างต้องตอบรับทิศทางการเคลื่อนที่ของลมประจำด้วยแต่อย่างไรก็ตามอย่าลืมว่าลมที่นำเข้าสู่อาคารต้องทำให้เป็นลมเย็นเสียก่อนจึงจะทำให้การลดความร้อนมีประสิทธิผล
การออกแบบให้ลมไหลผ่านตัวบ้านได้ดีมีข้อควรระวังได้แก่
1.ต้องติดตั้งมุ้งลวดเพื่อกรองฝุ่นละอองเกสรที่จะเข้าบ้าน
2.การติดช่องหน้าต่างในตำแหน่งเยื้องกันจะช่วยบังคับให้ลมไหลผ่านห้องต่าง ๆ ตามตำแหน่งที่ต้องการได้
8. ผังเฟอร์นิเจอร์ต้องเตรียมไว้ก่อน ไม่ร้อนและประหยัดพลังงาน
บ้านที่ดีควรมีการจัดวางผังเฟอร์นิเจอร์ในแต่ละห้องไว้ล่วงหน้า เพื่อความสะดวกในการจัดเตรียมตำแหน่งติดตั้ง ปลั๊ก สวิทช์ ไว้ให้ เพียงพอสำหรับอุปกรณ์ไฟฟ้าต่างๆในบ้าน นอกจากนี้การเตรียมการดังกล่าวไว้ล่วงหน้าจะตรวจสอบได้ว่าตำแหน่งใดในบ้านมีเฟอร์นิเจอร์วางกีดขวางการเคลื่อนที่ของกระแสลมหรือไม่หรือตอบรับแสงสว่าง ธรรมชาติและกระแสลมธรรมชาติมากน้อยเพียงใดและควรแก้ไขปรับปรุงอย่างไรให้ดีขึ้น ควรแยกอุปกรณ์ที่จะสร้างความร้อนออกนอกห้องปรับอากาศ เช่น ตู้เย็น เครื่องต้มน้ำ
9. อย่า!!!มีบ่อน้ำหรือนำพุในห้องปรับอากาศ
คุณสมบัติทางอุณหภูมิของเครื่องปรับอากาศ คือ การลดอุณหภูมิและความชื้น ทำให้พื้นที่ห้องต่าง ๆ อยู่ในสภาวะสบาย ซึ่งการตกแต่งประดับพื้นที่ภายในห้องด้วยน้ำพุ น้ำตก อ่างเลี้ยงปลา หรือแจกันดอกไม้ ย่อมทำให้ภายในห้องมีแหล่งความชื้นเพิ่มขึ้นโดยไม่จำเป็นและทำให้เครื่องปรับอากาศต้องใช้พลังงานในการลดความชื้นมากกว่าปกติ
10. ช่องอากาศที่หลังคาพาคลายร้อน...
หลังคาที่ดีนอกจากจะสามารถคุ้มแดดคุ้มฝนได้ ยังต้องมีคุณสมบัติ ในการป้องกันความร้อนเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านได้อีกด้วย ภายในช่องว่างใต้หลังคา เป็นพื้นที่เก็บกักความร้อนที่แผ่รังสีจากดวงอาทิตย์ก่อนถ่ายเทเข้าสู่พื้นที่ส่วนต่างๆภายในบ้านดังนั้นการออกแบบให้มีการระบายอากาศ (ร้อน) ภายในหลังคาออกไปสู่ภายนอกได้ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นช่องลมบริเวณจั่วหลังคาหรือระแนงชายคาจึงเป็นเรื่องที่ดีต่อการลดความร้อนในบ้าน แต่พึงระวังให้การระบายอากาศร้อนดังกล่าวอยู่เหนือฉนวนภายในฝ้าเพดาน มิฉะนั้นความร้อน จะสามารถถ่ายเทลงสู่ตัวบ้านได้อยู่ดี
ข้อควรระวัง คือ
1. ต้องมีการติดตั้งตาข่ายป้องกันนก แมลง เข้าไปทำรังใต้หลังคาด้วย
2. ต้องมีการป้องกันฝนเข้าช่องเปิดระบายอากาศด้วย
11. ต้องใส่"ฉนวน"ที่หลังคาเสมอ
ฉนวนกันความร้อนเป็นอุปกรณ์ที่สามารถกั้นหรือป้องกัน ความร้อนที่เกิดขึ้นจากแสงแดดไม่ให้เข้าสู่บ้านได้ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นจากส่วนผนังหรือหลังคาบ้าน แต่ช่องทางที่ความร้อนจากแสงแดดถ่ายเทเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านได้มากที่สุดในเวลากลางวันคือพื้นที่หลังคา ดังนั้นการลดความร้อนจาก จากพื้นที่ดังกล่าว ด้วยการใช้ฉนวนซึ่งมีรูปแบบและการติดตั้งที่เหมาะสมกับพื้นที่ สอดคล้องกับการใช้งานจึงเป็นประโยชน์อย่างยิ่งต่อการลดการใช้พลังงานภายในบ้าน
12. กันแสงแดดดีต้องมีชายคา
กันสาดหรือชายคาบ้านเป็นอุปกรณ์ที่มีความสำคัญกับอาคาร บ้านเรือนในเขตร้อนเช่นประเทศไทย เนื่องจากมีคุณสมบัติการ ป้องกันแสงแดด(ความร้อน)ไม่ให้ตกกระทบผนังและส่องผ่านเข้าสู่ช่องแสงและหน้าต่างได้เป็นอย่างดี นอกจากนี้ตำแหน่ง และทิศทางการติดตั้งกันสาดที่มีความจำเป็นมากที่สุด คือ ด้านที่มีแสงแดดรุนแรง ได้แก่ ทิศใต้และทิศตะวันตก นอกจากนี้ ข้อดีอีกประการของการติดตั้งชายคาและกันสาด คือ เป็นอุปกรณ์ที่จำเป็นต่อการป้องกันฝนเข้าสู่ ตัวบ้านอีกด้วย
13. ห้องไหนๆติดเครื่องปรับอากาศ อย่าลืมติดฉนวน
การลดภาระการทำความเย็นของเครื่องปรับอากาศที่สำคัญ คือ ลดความร้อนที่ถ่ายเทเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านและพื้นที่ใช้สอย ดังนั้น การติดตั้งฉนวนกันความร้อนในพื้นที่ห้องที่ปรับอากาศเพื่อลดความร้อนนอกจากจะทำให้ห้องเย็นสบายจากแสงแดดและ ป้องกันความร้อนเข้าตัวบ้านแล้วยังทำให้สภาพภายในห้องปรับลดอุณหภูมิลงอย่างรวดเร็วเนื่องจากมีความร้อนสะสมอยู่ภายในห้องน้อยจึงช่วยลดค่าไฟฟ้าของเครื่องปรับอากาศได้
14. บานเกล็ด บานเปิด บานเลื่อน ต้องใช้ให้เหมาะสม
หน้าต่างแต่ละชนิดมีคุณสมบัติในการใช้สอยที่แตกต่างกันตามความต้องการ จึงควรเลือกชนิดของหน้าต่างให้ เหมาะสมกับพื้นที่ภายในห้อง...หน้าต่างบานเปิดมีประสิทธิภาพในการรับกระแสลมสูงที่สุด...แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม ต้องจัดวางให้สอดคล้องกับการเคลื่อนที่ของกระแสลมด้วย นอกจากนี้พึงระวังการใช้หน้าต่างบานเกล็ดในห้อง ปรับอากาศ เพราะหน้าต่างชนิดนี้มีรอยต่อมาก ทำให้อากาศภายนอกรั่วซึมเข้ามาได้ง่าย จึงส่งผลให้ความร้อนและ ความชื้นถ่ายเทสู่ภายในห้องได้สะดวกเช่นกัน ซึ่งเป็นผลให้เครื่องปรับอากาศทำงานมากขึ้น
15. ทาสีผนังให้ใช้สีอ่อน ไม่ร้อนดี แต่ถ้าเปลี่ยนสี(เข้ม)ต้องมีฉนวน
สีผนังมีผลต่อการสะท้อนแสงแดดและความร้อนเข้าสู่อาคารมากน้อยต่างกัน สีอ่อนจะมีคุณสมบัติสะท้อนแสงแดด และการถ่ายเทความร้อนเข้าภายในบ้านดีกว่า สีเข้มตามลำดับความเข้มของสี ผนังภายนอกที่สัมผัสแสงแดดจึงควรเลือกใช้สีโทนอ่อน เช่น ขาว ครีม เป็นต้น เพื่อช่วยสะท้อนความร้อน ในทางกลับกันหากต้องการทาสีผนังภายนอกบ้านเป็นสีเข้มก็สามารถ กระทำได้ แต่ไม่ควรอยู่ในตำแหน่งที่โดนแสงแดดหรือต้องมีการติดตั้งฉนวนกันความร้อนในบริเวณนั้นเพื่อเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการป้องกันความร้อนเป็นการชดเชย นอกจากสีภายนอกอาคารแล้ว การทาสีภายในอาคารด้วยสีอ่อน จะช่วยสะท้อนแสงภายในห้อง เพิ่มความสว่างภายในบ้าน ทำให้ไม่จำเป็นต้องเปิดใช้โคมไฟมากเกินไป
16. ห้องติดเครื่องปรับอากาศต้องไม่ไร้บังใบประตูหน้าต่าง
ความชื้นในอากาศที่รั่วซึมเข้าภายในอาคารบ้านเรือน (Air Infiltration) เป็นสาเหตุของภาระการทำความเย็นของเครื่องปรับอากาศ และ ค่าไฟฟ้าที่เพิ่มขึ้น ดังนั้นการป้องกันปัญหาด้วยการออกแบบที่กระทำได้ไม่ลำบากคือ การเลือกใช้ประตูและหน้าต่างห้องในบ้านที่มีการบังใบวงกบ เพื่อลดการรั่วซึมของ อากาศร้อนและความชื้นจากภายนอกที่ไหลผ่านรอยต่อวงกบ ประตู หน้าต่าง เข้าสู่ภายใน
กรณีบานหน้าต่างสามารถใช้ซิลิโคนสีใสช่วยปิดช่องอากาศรั่วได้ ส่วนกรณีบานประตูก็สามารถซื้อแผ่นพลาสติกปิดช่องอากาศรั่วมาติดเพิ่มเติม ได้ในภายหลัง โดยควรเลือกชนิดพลาสติกจะทำความสะอาดและกันลมรั่วได้ดีกว่าแบบผ้า
17. ห้องน้ำดีต้องมีแสงแดด
ผนังห้องน้ำ เป็นพื้นที่ ไม่กี่จุดในบ้านที่ควรจัดวางให้สัมผัสแสงแดดมากที่สุดเท่าที่จะกระทำได้ ด้วยเหตุผลด้านสุขอนามัยและเพื่อลดความชื้นสะสมภายในตัวบ้าน นอกจากนี้การเลือกวางตำแหน่งห้องน้ำทางด้าน ทิศตะวันตกหรือทิศใต้ ยังมีข้อดีในการเป็นพื้นที่กันชน (Buffer Zone) ระหว่างแสงแดดกับพื้นที่ในบ้านได้อีกด้วย
นอกจากจะต้องมีช่องแสงแดดที่มากแล้ว ควรมีช่องลมในปริมาณที่มากพอ เพื่อระบายความชื้นภายในห้องน้ำด้วยซึ่งมีข้อควรระวัง คือ ติดตาข่ายป้องกันแมลงที่ช่องลมด้วย
18. รับแสงเหนือเพื่อประหยัดแสงไฟ
ช่องแสงหรือหน้าต่างภายในบ้านควรออกแบบจัดวางให้เอื้อต่อการนำแสงธรรมชาติส่องเข้ามาภายในห้องได้ ทุกๆห้อง ไม่ว่าจะเป็นห้องนั่งเล่น ห้องนอน ห้องอาหาร หรือแม้แต่ห้องน้ำ ห้องเก็บของและบันได เพื่อลด การใช้พลังงานไฟฟ้าและค่าไฟฟ้าในบ้าน เนื่องจากแสงธรรมชาติเป็นแสงที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูงที่สุดและไม่เสีย ค่าใช้จ่าย แต่อย่างไรก็ตามสิ่งที่มากับแสงธรรมชาติ คือความร้อน ดังนั้นทิศทางช่องแสงหรือหน้าต่างในบ้าน ที่ดีที่สุด คือทิศเหนือ เนื่องจากได้รับอิทธิพลความร้อนของแสงแดดน้อยที่สุดในรอบปี (ดวงอาทิตย์อ้อมเหนือเพียง 3 เดือน) และมีลักษณะความสว่างคงที่ (Uniform) ในแต่ละวัน
19. คอมเพรสเซอร์เครื่องปรับอากาศ...ต้องวางให้ถูกที่
การวางตำแหน่งคอมเพรสเซอร์ นอกจากจะพิจารณาเรื่องความ สวยงามแล้วยังมีผลอย่างยิ่งต่อประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของเครื่อง ปรับอากาศและการทำความเย็นภายในห้อง จึงควรเลือกวางตำแหน่ง เครื่องให้อยู่ในจุดที่พัดลมของเครื่องสามารถระบายความร้อน ได้สะดวก ไม่มีสิ่งกีดขวางทิศทางลม และนอกจากนี้ตัวเครื่องต้อง ไม่ได้รับความร้อนจากแสงแดดมากนักในช่วงเวลากลางวัน เช่น ทิศเหนือหรือตะวันออก เพราะการสะสมความร้อนที่ตัวเครื่องใน ปริมาณมาก จะทำให้เครื่องปรับอากาศกินไฟมากขึ้น
20. ไม่ใช้หลอดไส้..หลอดร้อนหลากสี.. ชีวีเป็นสุข
หลอดไฟฟ้าชนิดหลอดไส้ (Incandescent Lamp) หลอด ฮาโลเจน (Halogen Lamp) ที่มีสีสันสวยงามเหล่านี้เป็นดวงโคม ที่นอกจากจะให้ความสว่างแล้วยังปล่อยความร้อนสู่พื้นที่ภายในห้องใน ปริมาณมาก เมื่อเทียบกับหลอดผอมหรือหลอดฟลูออเรสเซนท์ และหลอดคอมแพคฟลูออเรสเซนท์หรือหลอดตะเกียบ ซึ่งมี ประสิทธิภาพทางพลังงาน (Efficacy) สูงกว่า คือให้ความสว่างมาก แต่ใช้พลังงานไฟฟ้าน้อยกว่า ในห้องที่มีการปรับอากาศ การใช้งาน หลอดตระกูลหลอดไส้เหล่านี้ ทำให้ห้องมีความร้อนเพิ่มมากขึ้น และเครื่องปรับอากาศทำงานมากขึ้น
1. อย่าใส่แหล่งความร้อน(ลานคอนกรีต)ในบ้าน
ภายในบริเวณบ้านไม่ควรมีลานคอนกรีตในทิศทางรับแสงแดดจัด เช่น ทิศใต้และทิศตะวันตก เนื่องจากในเวลากลางวันคอนกรีตจะกลายเป็นมวลสารสะสมความร้อน (Thermal mass)
มีการสะสมความร้อนไว้ในเวลากลางวันในปริมาณมาก ด้วยคุณสมบัติการนำความร้อนของวัสดุและจะถ่ายเทความร้อนกลับสู่บ้านของท่านในเวลากลางคืน จึงทำให้สภาพแวดล้อมของบ้านและตัวบ้านมีอุณหภูมิสูงตามไปด้วย การจัดวางตำแหน่งพื้นคอนกรีตเพื่อเป็นที่จอดรถยนต์หรือชานหรือระเบียงที่ดีควรเลือกวางในทิศที่ไม่ถูกแสงแดดมาก เช่น ทิศเหนือ ทิศตะวันออกและควรมีร่มเงาจากต้นไม้ช่วยลดปริมาณแสงแดด
2. รั้วบ้าน...ต้องโล่ง...โปร่ง...สบาย
รั้วบ้านไม่ควรออกแบบให้มีลักษณะทึบตันเนื่องจากรั้วทึบจะกีดขวางการเคลื่อนที่ของลมเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านทำให้ภายในตัวบ้านอับลมนอกจากนี้วัสดุที่ใช้ทำรั้วบางชนิด เช่น อิฐมอญ คอนกรีต เสริมเหล็ก คอนกรีตบล็อก ยังมีคุณสมบัติสะสมความร้อนไว้ในตัวเองในเวลากลางวันและคายกลับสู่สภาพแวดล้อมและตัวบ้าน ในเวลากลางคืน
3. อย่าลืม!!ต้นไม้ให้ร่มเงา
การปลูกต้นไม้ในบริเวณบ้านนอกจากจะสร้างความร่มรื่นและความสดชื่นสบายตาสบายใจแก่ผู้อาศัยในบ้านแล้วใบไม้หลากรูปทรงและสีสันที่แผ่กิ่งก้านสาขายังสามารถลดแสงแดดที่ตกกระทบตัวบ้านและให้ร่มเงาที่ร่มเย็นแก่ผู้อยู่อาศัยได้เป็น อย่างดีนอกจากนี้ สิ่งที่สำคัญที่สุดต้นไม้ใบหญ้าทั้งหลายยังช่วยลดความร้อนจากสภาพแวดล้อมด้วยการคายไอน้ำผ่านทางปากใบได้อีกด้วยซึ่งควรพิจารณาตำแหน่งการปลูกต้นไม้ใหญ่น้อยในบริเวณบ้านให้สัมพันธ์กับร่มเงาที่เกิดขึ้นกับตัวบ้านไว้ล่วงหน้า
ข้อควรระวัง! การปลูกไม้ใหญ่ใกล้บ้านเกินไป ต้องระวังรากของต้นไม้ใหญ่จะสร้างความเสียหายให้กับโครงสร้างของบ้านจึงควรดูความเหมาะสมของชนิดต้นไม้
4. ก่อนสร้าง อย่าลืม!!! พื้นชั้นล่างปูแผ่นพลาสติก
บ้านพักอาศัยทั่วไปในปัจจุบันทั้งชั้นล่างและชั้นบนมักติดตั้ง เครื่องปรับอากาศให้ความเย็นและลดความชื้นภายในพื้นที่ กันเป็นจำนวนมาก การเตรียมการก่อสร้างบ้านในส่วนโครงสร้างพื้นชั้นล่างควรปูแผ่นพลาสติก เพื่อป้องกัน ความชื้นที่ระเหยขึ้นจากผิวดิน ซึ่งเป็นผลให้มีความเสียหายที่วัสดุปูพื้นชั้นล่าง และประเด็นที่สำคัญด้านพลังงานคือเกิดการสะสมความชื้นภายในพื้นที่ชั้นล่างของตัวบ้านเป็นที่มาของภาระการทำความเย็นของเครื่องปรับอากาศที่เพิ่มขึ้นในที่สุด สิ่งที่ควรระวังระหว่างการก่อสร้างส่วนดังกล่าว คือ การฉีกขาดเสียหาย ของพลาสติกเนื่องจากเหล็กที่ใช้ในระหว่างการก่อสร้าง จึงต้องมีการเตรียมก่อสร้างไว้ล่วงหน้าเช่นกัน
5. หันบ้านให้ถูกทิศ(ลม-แดด-ฝน) จิตแจ่มใส
การออกแบบบ้านเรือนในประเทศไทยไม่ควรหลงลืมปัจจัยพื้นฐานที่มีผลต่อการถ่ายเทความร้อนสู่ตัวบ้าน นั่นคือส่วนใหญ่ได้รับความร้อนจากดวงอาทิตย์ ทางทิศใต้(แดดอ้อมใต้)เป็นเวลา 8-9 เดือนและด้วยมุมกระทำของดวงอาทิตย์ต่อพื้นโลกมีค่าน้อย (มุมต่ำ) จึงทำให้การป้องกันแสงแดดทำได้ยากเป็นผลให้ทิศทางดังกล่าวได้รับอิทธิพลจากแสงแดดรุนแรงเกือบตลอดปี การวางตำแหน่งบ้านและการออกแบบ รูปทรงบ้านที่ดีต้องหลีกเลี่ยงการรับแสงแดดในทิศดังกล่าวนอกจากนี้ลมประจำ(ลมมรสุม)ที่พัดผ่านประเทศไทยมีทิศทางชัดเจนจากทิศใต้และทิศตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ในช่วงฤดูร้อน และฤดูฝน และพัดจากทิศตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือในฤดูหนาวการวางผังบ้านและทิศทางตำแหน่งช่องหน้าต่างเพื่อระบายความร้อนในบ้าน จึงต้องคำนึงถึงทิศทางกระแสลมเหล่านี้เป็นสำคัญอีกด้วย
6. มีครัวไทยต้องไม่เชื่อมติดตัวบ้าน
การทำครัวแบบไทย นอกจากจะได้อาหารที่มีรสเผ็ดร้อนถูกปากคนไทยแล้วยังก่อให้เกิดความร้อนสะสมขึ้นในพื้นที่ดังกล่าวในปริมาณมากอีกด้วย อันเนื่องมาจากอุปกรณ์และกิจกรรมการทำครัวต่างๆซึ่งแตกต่างจากครัวฝรั่งโดยสิ้นเชิงความร้อนที่เกิดขึ้นในห้องครัวที่ติดกับตัวบ้านจะสามารถถ่ายเทเข้าสู่พื้นที่ใกล้เคียงได้อย่างรวดเร็วในลักษณะสะพานความร้อน (Thermal Bridge) และหากห้องติดกันเป็นพื้นที่ปรับ อากาศจะยิ่งสิ้นเปลืองพลังงานในการทำความเย็นของห้องดังกล่าวมากขึ้นโดยใช่เหตุ แต่อย่างไรก็ตามในกรณีที่หลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้ ควรติดตั้งฉนวนกันความร้อนเพิ่มเติมระหว่างห้องครัวกับตัวบ้าน เพื่อบรรเทาปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้น
7.ประตูหน้าต่างต้องมีทางลมเข้าออก
การระบายความร้อนภายในบ้านโดยใช้ลมธรรมชาติพัดผ่านหน้าต่าง ภายในห้องต้องมีช่องทางให้ลมเข้าและลมออกได้อย่างน้อย 2 ด้านมิฉะนั้นลมจะไม่สามารถไหลผ่านได้และสิ่งที่ดีที่สุดคือการออกแบบให้ช่องหน้าต่างอยู่ตรงข้ามกันและมีขนาดใหญ่เท่าเทียมกันจะทำให้การระบายความร้อนเกิดขึ้นมากที่สุด นอกจากนี้การวางตำแหน่งช่องหน้าต่างต้องตอบรับทิศทางการเคลื่อนที่ของลมประจำด้วยแต่อย่างไรก็ตามอย่าลืมว่าลมที่นำเข้าสู่อาคารต้องทำให้เป็นลมเย็นเสียก่อนจึงจะทำให้การลดความร้อนมีประสิทธิผล
การออกแบบให้ลมไหลผ่านตัวบ้านได้ดีมีข้อควรระวังได้แก่
1.ต้องติดตั้งมุ้งลวดเพื่อกรองฝุ่นละอองเกสรที่จะเข้าบ้าน
2.การติดช่องหน้าต่างในตำแหน่งเยื้องกันจะช่วยบังคับให้ลมไหลผ่านห้องต่าง ๆ ตามตำแหน่งที่ต้องการได้
8. ผังเฟอร์นิเจอร์ต้องเตรียมไว้ก่อน ไม่ร้อนและประหยัดพลังงาน
บ้านที่ดีควรมีการจัดวางผังเฟอร์นิเจอร์ในแต่ละห้องไว้ล่วงหน้า เพื่อความสะดวกในการจัดเตรียมตำแหน่งติดตั้ง ปลั๊ก สวิทช์ ไว้ให้ เพียงพอสำหรับอุปกรณ์ไฟฟ้าต่างๆในบ้าน นอกจากนี้การเตรียมการดังกล่าวไว้ล่วงหน้าจะตรวจสอบได้ว่าตำแหน่งใดในบ้านมีเฟอร์นิเจอร์วางกีดขวางการเคลื่อนที่ของกระแสลมหรือไม่หรือตอบรับแสงสว่าง ธรรมชาติและกระแสลมธรรมชาติมากน้อยเพียงใดและควรแก้ไขปรับปรุงอย่างไรให้ดีขึ้น ควรแยกอุปกรณ์ที่จะสร้างความร้อนออกนอกห้องปรับอากาศ เช่น ตู้เย็น เครื่องต้มน้ำ
9. อย่า!!!มีบ่อน้ำหรือนำพุในห้องปรับอากาศ
คุณสมบัติทางอุณหภูมิของเครื่องปรับอากาศ คือ การลดอุณหภูมิและความชื้น ทำให้พื้นที่ห้องต่าง ๆ อยู่ในสภาวะสบาย ซึ่งการตกแต่งประดับพื้นที่ภายในห้องด้วยน้ำพุ น้ำตก อ่างเลี้ยงปลา หรือแจกันดอกไม้ ย่อมทำให้ภายในห้องมีแหล่งความชื้นเพิ่มขึ้นโดยไม่จำเป็นและทำให้เครื่องปรับอากาศต้องใช้พลังงานในการลดความชื้นมากกว่าปกติ
10. ช่องอากาศที่หลังคาพาคลายร้อน...
หลังคาที่ดีนอกจากจะสามารถคุ้มแดดคุ้มฝนได้ ยังต้องมีคุณสมบัติ ในการป้องกันความร้อนเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านได้อีกด้วย ภายในช่องว่างใต้หลังคา เป็นพื้นที่เก็บกักความร้อนที่แผ่รังสีจากดวงอาทิตย์ก่อนถ่ายเทเข้าสู่พื้นที่ส่วนต่างๆภายในบ้านดังนั้นการออกแบบให้มีการระบายอากาศ (ร้อน) ภายในหลังคาออกไปสู่ภายนอกได้ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นช่องลมบริเวณจั่วหลังคาหรือระแนงชายคาจึงเป็นเรื่องที่ดีต่อการลดความร้อนในบ้าน แต่พึงระวังให้การระบายอากาศร้อนดังกล่าวอยู่เหนือฉนวนภายในฝ้าเพดาน มิฉะนั้นความร้อน จะสามารถถ่ายเทลงสู่ตัวบ้านได้อยู่ดี
ข้อควรระวัง คือ
1. ต้องมีการติดตั้งตาข่ายป้องกันนก แมลง เข้าไปทำรังใต้หลังคาด้วย
2. ต้องมีการป้องกันฝนเข้าช่องเปิดระบายอากาศด้วย
11. ต้องใส่"ฉนวน"ที่หลังคาเสมอ
ฉนวนกันความร้อนเป็นอุปกรณ์ที่สามารถกั้นหรือป้องกัน ความร้อนที่เกิดขึ้นจากแสงแดดไม่ให้เข้าสู่บ้านได้ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นจากส่วนผนังหรือหลังคาบ้าน แต่ช่องทางที่ความร้อนจากแสงแดดถ่ายเทเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านได้มากที่สุดในเวลากลางวันคือพื้นที่หลังคา ดังนั้นการลดความร้อนจาก จากพื้นที่ดังกล่าว ด้วยการใช้ฉนวนซึ่งมีรูปแบบและการติดตั้งที่เหมาะสมกับพื้นที่ สอดคล้องกับการใช้งานจึงเป็นประโยชน์อย่างยิ่งต่อการลดการใช้พลังงานภายในบ้าน
12. กันแสงแดดดีต้องมีชายคา
กันสาดหรือชายคาบ้านเป็นอุปกรณ์ที่มีความสำคัญกับอาคาร บ้านเรือนในเขตร้อนเช่นประเทศไทย เนื่องจากมีคุณสมบัติการ ป้องกันแสงแดด(ความร้อน)ไม่ให้ตกกระทบผนังและส่องผ่านเข้าสู่ช่องแสงและหน้าต่างได้เป็นอย่างดี นอกจากนี้ตำแหน่ง และทิศทางการติดตั้งกันสาดที่มีความจำเป็นมากที่สุด คือ ด้านที่มีแสงแดดรุนแรง ได้แก่ ทิศใต้และทิศตะวันตก นอกจากนี้ ข้อดีอีกประการของการติดตั้งชายคาและกันสาด คือ เป็นอุปกรณ์ที่จำเป็นต่อการป้องกันฝนเข้าสู่ ตัวบ้านอีกด้วย
13. ห้องไหนๆติดเครื่องปรับอากาศ อย่าลืมติดฉนวน
การลดภาระการทำความเย็นของเครื่องปรับอากาศที่สำคัญ คือ ลดความร้อนที่ถ่ายเทเข้าสู่ตัวบ้านและพื้นที่ใช้สอย ดังนั้น การติดตั้งฉนวนกันความร้อนในพื้นที่ห้องที่ปรับอากาศเพื่อลดความร้อนนอกจากจะทำให้ห้องเย็นสบายจากแสงแดดและ ป้องกันความร้อนเข้าตัวบ้านแล้วยังทำให้สภาพภายในห้องปรับลดอุณหภูมิลงอย่างรวดเร็วเนื่องจากมีความร้อนสะสมอยู่ภายในห้องน้อยจึงช่วยลดค่าไฟฟ้าของเครื่องปรับอากาศได้
14. บานเกล็ด บานเปิด บานเลื่อน ต้องใช้ให้เหมาะสม
หน้าต่างแต่ละชนิดมีคุณสมบัติในการใช้สอยที่แตกต่างกันตามความต้องการ จึงควรเลือกชนิดของหน้าต่างให้ เหมาะสมกับพื้นที่ภายในห้อง...หน้าต่างบานเปิดมีประสิทธิภาพในการรับกระแสลมสูงที่สุด...แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม ต้องจัดวางให้สอดคล้องกับการเคลื่อนที่ของกระแสลมด้วย นอกจากนี้พึงระวังการใช้หน้าต่างบานเกล็ดในห้อง ปรับอากาศ เพราะหน้าต่างชนิดนี้มีรอยต่อมาก ทำให้อากาศภายนอกรั่วซึมเข้ามาได้ง่าย จึงส่งผลให้ความร้อนและ ความชื้นถ่ายเทสู่ภายในห้องได้สะดวกเช่นกัน ซึ่งเป็นผลให้เครื่องปรับอากาศทำงานมากขึ้น
15. ทาสีผนังให้ใช้สีอ่อน ไม่ร้อนดี แต่ถ้าเปลี่ยนสี(เข้ม)ต้องมีฉนวน
สีผนังมีผลต่อการสะท้อนแสงแดดและความร้อนเข้าสู่อาคารมากน้อยต่างกัน สีอ่อนจะมีคุณสมบัติสะท้อนแสงแดด และการถ่ายเทความร้อนเข้าภายในบ้านดีกว่า สีเข้มตามลำดับความเข้มของสี ผนังภายนอกที่สัมผัสแสงแดดจึงควรเลือกใช้สีโทนอ่อน เช่น ขาว ครีม เป็นต้น เพื่อช่วยสะท้อนความร้อน ในทางกลับกันหากต้องการทาสีผนังภายนอกบ้านเป็นสีเข้มก็สามารถ กระทำได้ แต่ไม่ควรอยู่ในตำแหน่งที่โดนแสงแดดหรือต้องมีการติดตั้งฉนวนกันความร้อนในบริเวณนั้นเพื่อเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการป้องกันความร้อนเป็นการชดเชย นอกจากสีภายนอกอาคารแล้ว การทาสีภายในอาคารด้วยสีอ่อน จะช่วยสะท้อนแสงภายในห้อง เพิ่มความสว่างภายในบ้าน ทำให้ไม่จำเป็นต้องเปิดใช้โคมไฟมากเกินไป
16. ห้องติดเครื่องปรับอากาศต้องไม่ไร้บังใบประตูหน้าต่าง
ความชื้นในอากาศที่รั่วซึมเข้าภายในอาคารบ้านเรือน (Air Infiltration) เป็นสาเหตุของภาระการทำความเย็นของเครื่องปรับอากาศ และ ค่าไฟฟ้าที่เพิ่มขึ้น ดังนั้นการป้องกันปัญหาด้วยการออกแบบที่กระทำได้ไม่ลำบากคือ การเลือกใช้ประตูและหน้าต่างห้องในบ้านที่มีการบังใบวงกบ เพื่อลดการรั่วซึมของ อากาศร้อนและความชื้นจากภายนอกที่ไหลผ่านรอยต่อวงกบ ประตู หน้าต่าง เข้าสู่ภายใน
กรณีบานหน้าต่างสามารถใช้ซิลิโคนสีใสช่วยปิดช่องอากาศรั่วได้ ส่วนกรณีบานประตูก็สามารถซื้อแผ่นพลาสติกปิดช่องอากาศรั่วมาติดเพิ่มเติม ได้ในภายหลัง โดยควรเลือกชนิดพลาสติกจะทำความสะอาดและกันลมรั่วได้ดีกว่าแบบผ้า
17. ห้องน้ำดีต้องมีแสงแดด
ผนังห้องน้ำ เป็นพื้นที่ ไม่กี่จุดในบ้านที่ควรจัดวางให้สัมผัสแสงแดดมากที่สุดเท่าที่จะกระทำได้ ด้วยเหตุผลด้านสุขอนามัยและเพื่อลดความชื้นสะสมภายในตัวบ้าน นอกจากนี้การเลือกวางตำแหน่งห้องน้ำทางด้าน ทิศตะวันตกหรือทิศใต้ ยังมีข้อดีในการเป็นพื้นที่กันชน (Buffer Zone) ระหว่างแสงแดดกับพื้นที่ในบ้านได้อีกด้วย
นอกจากจะต้องมีช่องแสงแดดที่มากแล้ว ควรมีช่องลมในปริมาณที่มากพอ เพื่อระบายความชื้นภายในห้องน้ำด้วยซึ่งมีข้อควรระวัง คือ ติดตาข่ายป้องกันแมลงที่ช่องลมด้วย
18. รับแสงเหนือเพื่อประหยัดแสงไฟ
ช่องแสงหรือหน้าต่างภายในบ้านควรออกแบบจัดวางให้เอื้อต่อการนำแสงธรรมชาติส่องเข้ามาภายในห้องได้ ทุกๆห้อง ไม่ว่าจะเป็นห้องนั่งเล่น ห้องนอน ห้องอาหาร หรือแม้แต่ห้องน้ำ ห้องเก็บของและบันได เพื่อลด การใช้พลังงานไฟฟ้าและค่าไฟฟ้าในบ้าน เนื่องจากแสงธรรมชาติเป็นแสงที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูงที่สุดและไม่เสีย ค่าใช้จ่าย แต่อย่างไรก็ตามสิ่งที่มากับแสงธรรมชาติ คือความร้อน ดังนั้นทิศทางช่องแสงหรือหน้าต่างในบ้าน ที่ดีที่สุด คือทิศเหนือ เนื่องจากได้รับอิทธิพลความร้อนของแสงแดดน้อยที่สุดในรอบปี (ดวงอาทิตย์อ้อมเหนือเพียง 3 เดือน) และมีลักษณะความสว่างคงที่ (Uniform) ในแต่ละวัน
19. คอมเพรสเซอร์เครื่องปรับอากาศ...ต้องวางให้ถูกที่
การวางตำแหน่งคอมเพรสเซอร์ นอกจากจะพิจารณาเรื่องความ สวยงามแล้วยังมีผลอย่างยิ่งต่อประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของเครื่อง ปรับอากาศและการทำความเย็นภายในห้อง จึงควรเลือกวางตำแหน่ง เครื่องให้อยู่ในจุดที่พัดลมของเครื่องสามารถระบายความร้อน ได้สะดวก ไม่มีสิ่งกีดขวางทิศทางลม และนอกจากนี้ตัวเครื่องต้อง ไม่ได้รับความร้อนจากแสงแดดมากนักในช่วงเวลากลางวัน เช่น ทิศเหนือหรือตะวันออก เพราะการสะสมความร้อนที่ตัวเครื่องใน ปริมาณมาก จะทำให้เครื่องปรับอากาศกินไฟมากขึ้น
20. ไม่ใช้หลอดไส้..หลอดร้อนหลากสี.. ชีวีเป็นสุข
หลอดไฟฟ้าชนิดหลอดไส้ (Incandescent Lamp) หลอด ฮาโลเจน (Halogen Lamp) ที่มีสีสันสวยงามเหล่านี้เป็นดวงโคม ที่นอกจากจะให้ความสว่างแล้วยังปล่อยความร้อนสู่พื้นที่ภายในห้องใน ปริมาณมาก เมื่อเทียบกับหลอดผอมหรือหลอดฟลูออเรสเซนท์ และหลอดคอมแพคฟลูออเรสเซนท์หรือหลอดตะเกียบ ซึ่งมี ประสิทธิภาพทางพลังงาน (Efficacy) สูงกว่า คือให้ความสว่างมาก แต่ใช้พลังงานไฟฟ้าน้อยกว่า ในห้องที่มีการปรับอากาศ การใช้งาน หลอดตระกูลหลอดไส้เหล่านี้ ทำให้ห้องมีความร้อนเพิ่มมากขึ้น และเครื่องปรับอากาศทำงานมากขึ้น
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)